AND PERSONALITY 



tory. He had, to our surprise, an exceptionally large goiter. 

 In our laboratory we dissected eleven lions and tigers that 

 were obtained from zoological gardens or circuses. Every 

 one had a goiter, in spite of the fact that in some cases 

 iodine had been given with the food. Likewise, bears, 

 chimpanzees and monkeys taken from zoological gardens 

 had goiters. In no case did corresponding animals taken in 

 the wild have goiters. Although animals in the wild suffer 

 from privation, uncertain forays, a precarious food supply, 

 and live dangerously, they do not have goiters. 



Even when we purchased animals directly from im- 

 porters, the effect of captivity was evident. Such animals as 

 chimpanzees, baboons, monkeys, examined when the con- 

 signment arrived, had goiters. We later found that instead 

 of capturing the animals in the wild state and delivering 

 them immediately, the importer secured the animals in 

 Africa or Asia from natives who had held them in captivity 

 since they were young. Thus it would seem that the fact of 

 captivity is more important in producing goiter than the 

 place of captivity. 



For these reasons we were compelled to secure animals 

 ourselves in the wild state. None of the animals so taken 

 had goiter. 



Let us take the lion as an example for comparison between 

 the wild state and that of captivity. In the Research 

 Laboratory of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation we have 

 killed nine lions by means of chloroform anesthesia, and 

 studied them immediately. One of these lions was bred 

 near the sea at San Simeon, California, on the ranch of Mr. 

 W. R. Hearst, under the most nearly perfect conditions 

 possible. This lion had a large goiter. None of the six lions 

 taken in the wild state on our African expeditions in 1927 

 and 1935 showed a goiter. Not only is the thyroid gland 

 profoundly affected by captivity but other organs and 

 tissues as well are affected. 



