INTELLIGENCE, POWER, 



In the wild, the lion must starve or exist by capturing 

 the high-powered antelope or zebra. The food of the lion 

 in the zoological garden is given him at regular intervals; 

 it is regular as to selection, bone, vitamins, and, in some 

 cases, iodine, for the "zoo" lion eats from a table prepared 

 for him, just as civilized man eats from a table prepared 

 for him. The "zoo" lion, like civilized man, has poor teeth, 

 poor texture of hair and skin, and impaired strength of 

 bone. Not only did the six wild lions taken in our African 

 expeditions exhibit no goiter but their bodies as a whole 

 all their tissues and organs were in a higher state of physi- 

 cal perfection than those of the lions in captivity. These 

 characteristics go with the glory and the romance of the 

 wild state. 



In addition to the thyroid gland, two other organs show 

 the contrast between wild and captive life. The heart of 

 the lion from the Philadelphia Zoological Garden was 

 hypertrophied, probably as the result of the long years of 

 frustration and daily fretting in a cage, just as the heart 

 of civilized man is affected profoundly by the frettings and 

 frustrations of his incarceration in the web of life which 

 he has created. The hearts of the African lions taken in 

 the wild showed no hypertrophy. 



Not only did the thyroid gland, the heart, the skin, 

 and the bony skeleton of the zoological lions show de- 

 terioration from captivity but another and a most im- 

 portant organ showed a marked contrast in the lions in 

 captivity as compared with those in the wild state, namely, 

 the adrenal glands. It would seem to be of especial signifi- 

 cance that the organ so markedly contrasting in the wild 

 state with the state of captivity is the organ that expresses 

 more than any other organ the power and the personality 

 of the lion. One might suppose that the greatest change 

 would be seen in the brain or the heart of the animal 

 known in romance as being "lion-hearted," but the nerve 

 tissue brain, spinal cord, celiac ganglia, celiac plexuses, 



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