10 HISTORY OF BOTANY. 



mens collected ; copper-plate engravings introduced into works, 

 which by displaying the figures of plants in a correct and natural 

 manner, attracted men of genius in every country, to the study of the 

 science. Another,and perhaps, the most perfect source of true informa- 

 tion, was the institution of both public and private botanic gardens. 

 The first public garden, was established at Padua, in 1533, which 

 still exists ; this was followed by those of Florence, Pisa, Bologna, 

 and Leyden ; and the most ancient private botanic garden, was that 

 of William.Landgrave of Hesse, arranged, as it is said, by Camerarius, 

 and followed by that of Gerard at London, 1396. 



22. Notwithstanding the liberal means which -were 

 now adopted to improve the science, the true principles 

 and phenomena of vegetable life, were far from having 

 been explored with depth of judgment. 



This defect in the study of plants, very soon called forth the 

 attention of two eminent naturalists, Grew and Malpighi ; the result 

 of whose investigations, laid open many interesting facto for the 

 consideration of succeeding botanists. A.I). 1G70. 



23. The path which had been pursued with so much 

 patience and zeal by these celebrated physiologists, gave 

 rise to the idea, that methodical arrangements might 

 very correctly be founded on the anatomical structure 

 of plants, and accordingly, many new systems were 

 introduced, each professing some great advantage pecu- 

 liar to itself. 



The principal systems which were framed about this time, were 

 those of Morrison, Ray,Tournefort,Rivinus, Boerhaave, Herman and 

 Magnol ; and although they have now become more or less aban- 

 doned, they were certainly beneficial as steps to future improvement. 



24. Taking into account the great increase of learned 

 botanists who flourished about the close of the seven- 

 teenth century, and the numerous sources from whence 



