50 NOMENCLATURE OF THE STEM. 



c. Slightly-branched when the number of divisions are compa- 

 ratively few. 



d. Much-branched when not only the greater divisions are nn- 

 roerous,but these again are divided and subdivided without order, as 

 in the elm and gooseberry-bush. 



e. Abruptly-branched when each branch, after terminating in 

 flowers, produces a number of fresh shoots, in a circular order, from 

 just below the origin of these flowers, as in the naked-flowered aza- 

 lea, and many of the Cape heaths. 



9. Surface : From the peculiar character of the sur- 

 face of stems, there are numerous terms in use, either 

 as regards their being bare, covered, or rough. 



Bare when the epidermis is perfectly free from appendages of 

 every description, leave*, scales, spines, prickles, or any kind of pu- 

 bescence The varieties are : 



a. Shining when they glisten, as if varnished, as in shining 

 crane's-bill. 



b. Smooth when they are free from all kinds of roughness or 

 hairiness, as in the periwinkle. 



c. Even when throughout, they are perfectly free from inequali- 

 ties, as in the common white poppy. 



d. Punctured when they are covered witli small, yet risible per- 

 forations, either simple or surrounded at the orifice with a raised 

 border, as in rue and perforated St. John's wort. 



e. Maculated, or spotted when they are marked with spots or 

 blotches, as in hemlock. 



f. Leaess-when they are altogether devoid of leaves, as in the 

 dodder. 



g. Unarmed when they are devoid of prickles and spines. 

 b. Exstipnlate when without stipules. 



Covered when the epidermis is clothed with some kind of ap- 

 pendage. The varieties are : 



i. Leafy when they are furnished with leaves from the base to 

 the apex. When the stem passes through each leaf, it is denomi- 

 nated perfoliate, as in yellow-wort. (F. 73.) 



j. Winged when the edges or angles are longitudinally expanded 

 into leaf-like borders. 



k. Sheathed when they are embraced by the base of each leaf, as 

 if by a sheath, as in grasses and snaVe-weed. (F. 56.) 



