LINNjEAN NATURAL SYSTEM. 193 



barren earth or coarse sand. The roots generally perennial ; leaves 

 opposite, horizontal, mostly rough. Stipules of the form and aspect 

 of leaves; stem jointed, with mostly tumid knots. Corolla of one 

 petal, either flat, wheel-shaped, or funnel-shaped; in one genus, 

 bell-shaped ; mostly four-cleft, sometimes almost down to the base ; 

 rarely five-cleft, stamens usually four ; pistil solitary, dj vided ; fruit 

 for the most part, inferior. 



ORDER XI.VIII. AGGREGATE. 



49. Embracing those plants which are furnished with 

 aggregate flowers, or in other words, with flowers con- 

 sisting of a number of partial flowers, each of which 

 have a proper and common calyx. Dipsacus or teasel, 

 scabiosa or scabious, c. 



With this order there is a shrubby stem ; leaves often opposite ; 

 a common receptacle, either naked, villous, hairy or scaly ; corolla 

 generally of one petal, regular or irregular, in four or five divisions, 

 rarely polypetalous ; stamens four with separate anthers; germen 

 inferior ; fruit single-seeded. 



ORDER XUX. COMPOSITE. 



50. Tn this order are purposed to be arranged, nu- 

 merous plants with compound flowers, or in other terms, 

 with many florets enclosed in one common calyx. Car- 

 dims or thistle, and numerous others. 



There is a great diversity of structure and appearance in the 

 plants of this order ; so much so, that no essential character can be 

 mentioned. 



51. Plants bearing an amen turn or catkin ; which is, 

 a species of calyx very like a spike, consisting of a com- 



