PREFACE 



These laboratory and field exercises have been written to 

 accompany the author's textbook in general botany, and the 

 topics for the practical exercises are therefore arranged in the 

 same order as in the text. 



;* Both the textbook and the exercises have been used with 



^ several generations of students and instructors, whose criticisms 



and suggestion's are embodied in this revision of the field and 



laboratory exercises for publication. The topics in the practical 



exercises also follow those of the text and are divided into 



^ three more or less distinct parts. 



Part I contains directions for some field work, laboratory 

 work, and experiments on the general form, structure, and 

 physiology of the higher green plants. 



Part II is devoted to practical laboratory exercises relating 



* to the general morphology and relationship of the great plant 

 K groups, from the algse and fungi to the highest seed plants. 



^ The laboratory exercises on anatomy in Part II are designed to 



enable teachers not familiar with the methods of the new anat- 

 omy to direct students in the study of plant structure from the 

 more modern standpoint. It is hoped that the diagrams and 

 discussions of the text on anatomy will materially assist both 

 teachers and students in making the exercises clear. 



Part III contains directions for field work on trees, shrubs, 

 and herbaceous plants, considered from a general ecological 

 standpoint. A brief study of plant associations has been added, 

 in order to introduce the student to the study of plants in their 

 social relations. Emphasis is also laid, in the exercises as in 



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