180 LABORATORY AND FIELD EXERCISES 



THE CULTIVATED APPLE (MALUS) 



1. Habit. 



a. Form and body plan. Be able to account for the form 



and leaf display of the apple tree, as for the elm 

 and pine in Part I of the text. Determine this on 

 the hasis of body plan, bud growth, pruning effects, 

 and adjustments of leaves and branches by tropisms. 



b. Suds and fruit spurs. 



(1) Where are the fruit-bearing branches (fruit spurs) 



located onthe main branches of the tree ? Search 

 for bud-scale scars, and leaf and fruit scars on 

 the short fruit spurs or spur shoots. The fruit 

 scar is usually a large, circular scar surrounded 

 by smaller scars representing the scars of un- 

 developed fruits in the same flower cluster. How 

 many years old are the spur shoots that you 

 are examining? 



(2) Draw a terminal shoot of an apple branch, indicat- 



ing the position, form, and markings of the 

 spur shoots. 



2. Reproduction. 



a. Inflorescence. To what class of inflorescence does that 



of the apple belong ? 



b. Flower structure. Is the flower epigynous, perigyuous, 



or hypogynous ? Determine the relations of recep- 

 tacle, perianth, stamens, and pistil. 



c. Pollination. Determine the method of pollination in 



the apple flower. Is the method of pollination of 

 economic importance ? Be able to explain this point. 



d. Flower and fruit. 



(1) Study transverse and long sections of the fruit. 

 What parts of the flower are represented in the 

 fruit? What parts are lacking? What parts 



