14 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 



There is a marked absence of symmetry in their designs as a 

 whole. It appears, if at all, only in minor details. They 

 show none of that recognition of axis or of balance about an 

 axis, such a notable feature of Roman and Italian designs. 

 They met their own peculiar conditions well, however, and 

 fitness may be said to have been their controlling motive. 



These were warlike times and security was looked for 

 first, with pleasure and beauty as later considerations. The 



VIEW IN THE VILLA D'ESTE, ITALY 



gardens and grounds of the old monasteries and feudal castles 

 were essentially places of leisure and contemplation, and the 

 high embattled walls lent an element of austerity to such 

 grounds. All these conditions made simplicity, fitness and 

 a complete utilization of every part important. Castles were 

 built on hill tops for their better defense, and areas were there- 

 fore limited and very irregular in outline, but this irregular 

 space was completely utilized. Everpthing was compact, 

 neat and orderly. These were noticeable features of English 



