12 



LANDSCAPE GARDEN SERIES 



SHOWING MMI1UD Of" LAYIMG OVf 

 AND GR.ADf5 



A - <?W<f y?tf/te 2 "/ro/w e^xr o/ drfch. 

 D - doMer 6oard- feve/6oarc/ '<?/ 



///?<? s/refcheJ 6e/een 

 boards for mcasur/ny fo 



af/on c/ererm/r>co/ from Grade Jtafa - f~ Ground leve/ 



p/aced at reqv/or /nJervo/s fSo'J- G- doH-om of di/cr, - pora//e/ 



ue of eoch boonj ro cor-r-esooncS fine G 

 /o grade of ///e /me 



Fig. 5 



creases the available moisture; it ventilates and firms soils; it assists 

 pulverization, prevents surface washing and assists growth of desirable 

 organisms; it helps to resist drought and prevents freezing out of plants 

 and heaving of soils; it improves human health conditions. 



There are special cases where drainage is absolutely necessary, 

 but the list of benefits proves that drainage is desirable and an im- 

 provement in most any situation on any part of the estate. Wet, soggy 

 soils indicate an absolute need for drainage. In roads and walk con- 

 struction, especially where roads are built on sides of slopes, drainage 

 of the ground water is necessary to keep the soil foundation firm and 

 free from frost action. Tennis courts and other game areas where a 

 firm, quick drying soil is desirable, must be drained. Water gathering 

 behind retaining walls and around foundations should be drained off. 



There are two common types of drain tiles in general use; the 

 vitrified tile (glazed) and the porous clay tile (unglazed). Round 

 tiles of these types are considered best for general use. The vitrified 

 tile should be the best quality, salt glazed, vitrified clay pipe with hub 

 and spigot ends free from defects. Porous clay tile should be whole 

 and free from cracks and other defects. 



When water cannot be taken into the ground as fast as it 

 falls or cannot oenetrate the surface on which it rests it will seek the 



