LECTURE XVI.] HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY. 34! 



we shall here first consider the progress that has been made in 

 analytical chemistry by the application of electrolysis. The 

 subject of electrolysis is a very old one, and so early as 1800 

 Cruickshank predicted that it would be turned to account in 

 this way. 34 It was qualitative analysis, however, that alone 

 derived any benefit from it at first. 35 Magnus afterwards drew 

 attention to the fact that quantitative analysis that is, the 

 separation of the metals must be possible by means of 

 electrolysis ; 3() and experiments in the same direction were 

 made moreover by Gibbs 3T and by Luckow. 38 Classen, 39 

 Miller and Kiliani, 40 Smith, 41 Vortmann, 42 and others, after- 

 wards introduced the manifold applications of electrolysis to 

 quantitative analysis ; and Classen devised the form of 

 apparatus by which the experiments are generally carried out. 

 The great importance of attention to the potential difference in 

 these experiments was first recognised by Kiliani. 



The applications of electrolysis to metallurgy are probably 

 still more important. After the researches of Davy, already 

 fully sketched (p. 70), it was especially those of Bunsen 43 

 (published by the latter partly alone and partly in conjunction 

 with Matthiessen) that brought about any notable advance- 

 ment. Electrolysis first found a technical application upon 

 the discovery of electrotyping by Jacobi and Spencer in 1839, 

 an art which depends, however, upon an observation made by 

 De la Rive in 1836. 



The technical production of metals by electrolysis only 



34 Nicholson's Journal (quarto) 4, 254. :!5 Compare, amongst others, 

 Davy, Phil. Trans. 1807, I ; 1808, I ; Eecquerel, Mem. de 1'Acad. 10, 

 284 ; Fischer, Gilb. Ann. 42, 92 ; Gaultier de Claubry, Journ. Pharm. 

 Chim. [3] 17, 125 ; Nikles, Jahresbericht, 1862, 610 ; Becquerel, Ann. 

 Chim. [2] 43, 380. 3G Pogg. Ann. 102, i. : ' 7 Z. anal. Chem. 3, 334. 

 :!8 Dingl. Polyt. Journ. 177, 231 ; 178, 42. :!9 Handbuch der Elektrolyse ; 

 Berichte. 27, 163 and 2060. 40 Lehrbuch der analytischen Chemie, 

 Second Edition, Munich 1891. 41 Journ. Amer. Chem. Soc. 16. 93. 

 420 ; 17, 612, 652 ; Elektrochem. Zeitsch. I, 186 and 290, 313 ; Z. anorg. 

 Chem. 4, 96, 267, 273 ; 5, 197 ; 6, 40, 43. 4 ' 2 Elektrochem. Zeitsch. I, 

 138; Monatshefte. 14, 536. 4:>> Annalen. 82, 137; Pogg. Ann. 91, 619; 

 92, 648 ; Annalen. 94, 107 etc. 



