166 SUCCESSFUL FARMING 



its character is shown or a diagnosis made. For correctly diagnosing disease 

 it is necessary that all changes be noted. 



The following procedure is recommended to the stockman who should 

 make written rather than mental notes, in order to have positive and 

 complete information about the patient prior to a veterinarian's exami- 

 nation, if such proves to be necessary. 



Examination of Sick Animals. 1. Description oj Animal. This refers 

 to the kind of animal, the sex, color, age, size and breed. This serves not 

 only as a mark of identification, but such information may limit the 

 diagnosis to certain diseases or may eliminate certain diseases from 

 consideration. 



2. Characteristic Pose. The attitude of the patient, whether standing 

 or lying down, and the particular positions assumed are to be noted. The 

 mere pose of an animal is more or less significant in some diseases, e. g., by 

 rigidity of muscles, dilated nostrils, slightly extended tail and extension 

 of the haw over the corners of the eyes in the standing horse, picture 

 tetanus or lockjaw; the recumbent cow with muzzle at the flank, dull eyes, 

 slow respiration and grating teeth, with history of calving within a few hours 

 or days, designates calving fever or paralysis, etc. 



The physical condition of the animal suggests the possibility of certain 

 diseases, e. g., azoturia, while conformation and temperament may point 

 equally well to other diseases; e. g., long-coupled, thin-barreled and long- 

 legged horses are liable to scours. 



3. The Skin. The condition of the skin indicates in an accurate way 

 the condition of the body. In its examination we must take into account 

 the disposition of the hair, the action of the sweat glands, presence of 

 enlargements or growths upon the skin, any changes in the color of skin 

 and whether these are confined to the skin or are evidences of general 

 disease. 



4. The Eye. An examination of the eye will indicate the volume and 

 character of the blood, as seen in the visible capillary vessels. The color 

 of the conjunctiva shows the condition of the animal and the character of 

 its blood. The discharge of tears and swellings about the eyes should be 

 noted as important to diagnosis. 



5. Temperature. The internal body temperature in health varies 

 within certain narrow limits, the average being for 



Horses.. . 100.0-101.5 F. 



Cattle 100.5-102.5 F. 



Sheep 102.5-105.0 F. 



Hogs 100.5-104.0F. 



In diseases, these temperatures may range for 



Horses 102 . F. and over 



Cattle 103.5 F. and over 



Sheep 104.0 F. and over 



Hogs 104 . F. and over 



