28 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA [No. 56 



MAMMALS 



In the Cascades the Canadian Zone is characterized by the snow- 

 shoe rabbit, brown and dusky conies, Cascade squirrel, flying squirrel, 

 yellow-bellied marmot, red-backed mouse, lemming mouse, large- 

 footed meadow mouse, mountain jumping mouse, Mazama gopher, 

 and mountain mole. 



In the Blue Mountains the characteristic mammals are the Rocky 

 Mountain mule deer, elk, mountain sheep, varying hare, Jewett's 

 cony, Richardson's squirrel, Idaho flying squirrel, red-backed mouse, 

 large-footed meadow mouse, Rocky Mountain meadow mouse, Ore- 

 gon jumping mouse, brown pocket gopher, Rocky Mountain marten, 

 Canada lynx, mountain shrew, hoary and silver-haired bats. 



In the Steens Mountains are found the Rocky Mountain mule deer, 

 Taylor's cony, Rocky Mountain meadow mouse, Oregon jumping 

 mouse, mountain shrew, and silver-haired bat. 



In summer the Canadian Zone has a peculiar value as a resort for 

 some of the most important large game and fur-bearing mammals, 

 the Rocky Mountain elk and mule deer, bighorn sheep, and formerly 

 for marten, wolverine, Canada lynx, and red foxes. 



BIRDS 



Common breeding birds of the Canadian Zone in the Cascades are 

 Barrow's goldeneye, three-toed woodpeckers, Williamson's sapsucker, 

 red-breasted sapsucker, olive-sided flycatcher, black-headed jay, Ore- 

 gon jay, Cassin*s finch, Bendire's crossbill, pine siskin, white-crowned 

 sparrow, Thurber's junco, Rocky Mountain nuthatch, GambePs chick- 

 adee, and ruby-crowned kinglet. 



The characteristic birds of the Blue Mountain Canadian Zone in- 

 clude Richardson's and Franklin's grouse, Canada ruffed grouse, 

 Williamson's sapsucker, olive-sided flycatcher, Rocky Mountain jay, 

 Cassin's finch, Bendire's crossbill, siskin, white-crowned sparrow, 

 and ruby-crowned kinglet. 



In the Steens Mountains are found the water ouzel, crossbill, junco, 

 white-crowned sparrow, and rufous hummingbird. 



PLANTS 



The zone is generally characterized in the Cascades by lodgepole 

 pine, western white pine, Engelmann spruce, Shasta fir, grand fir, 

 silver fir, Alaska cedar, aspen, mountain maple, mountain-ash, high- 

 bush cranberry, Shepherdia canadensis, Pachistima myrsinites, 

 Vaccinium, erythrococcu/m, and Xerophyll/u/m tenax. 



In the Blue Mountain region dominant plants are lodgepole pine, 

 limber pine, Engelmann spruce, grand and white fir, aspen, balsam 

 poplar, mountain maple, mountain alder, mountain-ash, red elder, 

 Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Shepherdia canadensis, Pachistima myr- 

 sinites, Vaccinium scopariwn and erythrococcum, Lonicera involu- 

 crata and conjugialis, Linnaea borealis, Clintonia miiflora, and many 

 others showing a slight difference from the flora of the same zone in 

 the Cascades. 



In the Steens Mountains the plant and animal life of Canadian 

 Zone are similar to those of the Blue Mountain Canadian Zone with a 



