1936] MAMMALS OF OREGON 281 



and black, the Clallum dog has the hangdog, thievish appearance of 

 other Indian dogs. First reported by Vancouver, later by Suckley 

 and Gibbs, and by Lord as abundant in the Puget Sound section 

 among the Chinook Indians and at the mouth of the Columbia, this 

 dog is now apparently extinct (Douglas Leechman, 1929, p. 176). 



Large numbers of these dogs were kept by the Indians and sheared 

 for wool to be woven into blankets and rugs. Gibbs says that in 

 his time (1855) the fur, or hair, was generally intermixed with 

 ravellings of old English blankets to facilitate twisting with yarn. 

 These were stretched over a frame and then interwoven, leaving 

 when finished a fringe where the ends were separated. One of these 

 dog's wool blankets made of this material and one made of dog's 

 wool and duck's feathers mixed were sent to the Smithsonian. 

 Suckley says the native dogs of Oregon subsisted well upon fish 

 which "they did not hesitate to eat raw, though it would make any 

 blooded dog from the East sick and scarcely 1 out of 10 would re- 

 cover (Suckley and Gibbs, 1860] p. 11%). 



While the dog is often man's closest and most devoted friend, 

 capable of deep and lasting affection, devoted service, and useful 

 in a thousand ways, it is quite possible to accumulate so many dogs 

 that they become a curse instead of a blessing. This seems to have 

 been too often the case among the Indians, especially those who 

 did not use them as food. Among the white races a great number 

 of dogs is often considered a sign of poverty, varying in direct 

 ratio to the number of dogs. Under such conditions there is a 

 tendency to let the dogs live on the wildlife of the country as far 

 as possible. In parts of Oregon in past years this has caused a 

 heavy drain upon the game resources of the State, and various 

 means of checking the abuse have been tried. Also with an un- 

 necessary number of dogs there is always the great danger from 

 the dread disease of hydrophobia, or rabies; and in special cases 

 there have been considerable losses of domestic stock, sheep, pigs, 

 and cattle through the depredations of neglected, half -starved, and 

 half-wild curs. In some cases dogs have become entirely wild and 

 proved even worse stock killers than wolves or coyotes. 



Thus the problem of dogs in their human relations is closely akin 

 to that of the native animals of the State and is one that requires 

 as careful study and intelligent consideration as any of the eco- 

 nomic animal problems of the country. 



VULPES FULVUS CASCADENSIS MERMAM 



CASCADE RED Fox; YELLOW Fox; WAN-NA of the Klamath (O. H. M.) ; WA-NIE 



of the Piute 



Vulpes cascadensis Merriam, Wash. Acad. Sci. Proc. 2 : 665, 1900. 



Type. Collected at Trout Lake, south base of Mount Adams, Wash., by P. 

 Schmid, March 3, 1898. 



General characters. Form slender and light with large, erect ears, long bushy 

 tail, small furry feet, light skull with medium crest, small teeth, very long, soft 

 fur, and conspicuous white tip to tail. Color varying from light yellow to dark 

 gray or silver tipped and black. Yellow phase in winter, upper parts bright 

 buffy yellow, richest on sides of neck and back of shoulders, palest on face and 

 cheeks, slightly brownish on back and legs, and grayish on tail; back of ears 

 and feet mostly black ; tip of tail white ; lower parts bright yellow or orange, 

 with more or less white on throat and hinder part of belly. In gray or " cross 



