1936] MAMMALS OF OREGON 325 



Wilkes (1845, p. 348) reported that grizzlies were common in the 

 vicinity of the Willamette Falls and that their flesh was esteemed 

 for food. 



On May 25, 1860, Lord (1866, p. 299) struck the trail of a large 

 grizzly bear on the upper Deschutes River and followed it for some 

 distance but failed to come up with " his large-clawed friend." 



In 1894 Powell (1894, p. 18%} published an account of killing a 

 grizzly on the South Fork of McKenzie River and showed a photo- 

 graph of the dead bear. 



In 1916 Chris Beale, an old-time game warden and hunter at Snow- 

 shed Camp, about 8 miles west of Mount McLoughlin (Pitt), pointed 

 out where, many years before, he had killed a famous old grizzly 

 (Oreg. Sportsman 4 (1) : 40, 1916). 



A right posterior upper molar of a grizzly bear picked up on a 

 sand bar of the Santiam River by Stanley G. Jewett and A. G. 

 Ames, in August 1920, does not show positive specific characters but 

 can be most reasonably referred to klamathensis. 



Oliver Applegate, of Klamath Falls, reported to Dr. Merriam 

 (1897, p. 225) a grizzly killed in 1894 or 1895 on the west slope of 

 the Cascades, but said that very few were then found north of 

 the Umpqua Mountains and none north of the Calapooya Mountains, 

 while east of the Cascades they had ranged not many years before 

 as far north as Crooked River. 



In December 1930 Oliver Applegate told the writer of experiences 

 with grizzlies in the early days of southern Oregon. When he was 

 a young man, some time in the sixties, his people kept the toll road 

 over the Siskiyou Mountains between Oregon and California. He 

 said that bears, panthers, and big wolves were numerous and that 

 the grizzlies took a heavy toll of the cattle. He and his brothers 

 built scaffolds in the trees, at points frequented by the bears, to 

 watch for the marauders in the night, usually near the carcass of 

 one of their victims, and they killed enough bears to make the 

 stock industry possible in that vicinity. Later, on December 20, 

 1874, on the ranch in Swan Lake Valley near Klamath Falls, he shot 

 and killed a large grizzly that got in the habit of killing his cattle. 

 The pasture was enclosed by a rail fence, made of split cedar rails 

 not intended to hold a 1,000-pound bear. The bear would climb 

 onto the fence, break it down, come into the pasture and kill a fat 

 cow or steer, eat a good square meal of beef, and when hungry return 

 for another. After 12 valuable cattle had been killed, the bear was 

 tracked in the snow and shot on the Mountain Mahogany Ridge, 

 north of the valley, since known as Grizzly Hill. The third genera- 

 tion of Applegates, well-known pioneers of Oregon, are still raising 

 cattle in that valley, and they express no regrets at the passing of 

 this species of grizzly. 



Captain Applegate says that there was a big brown bear not quite 

 so large as the grizzly in the Rogue River Valley that was powerful 

 and savage enough to be a terror to the early settlers and regarded 

 as more aggressive than the grizzly. It was so aggressive in fact 

 that its duration in the pioneer settlements was brief. The Klamath 

 and Modoc Indians (the Lutuanis) have three names for the bears, 

 Wetam for the black bear, Loke for the grizzly, and Kanocka for 



