1936] MAMMALS OF OREGON 389 



to the mother by the umbilical cord, another was only half born, 

 and 3 of the females still contained each a large foetus ready for 

 birth. This fixes June 28 as a fairly accurate date of birth for young 

 of this species in this latitude and gives an excellent foundation for 

 further observations on habits of these valuable animals. Now it is 

 necessary to know at what age the young begin to fly and catch their 

 own food, whether they are carried by the mother until they can fly, 

 their weight at birth, and when they first fly. Data are also lacking 

 on the exact mating season and period of gestation, the kinds and 

 quantities of insects eaten, the extent and nature of migrations from 

 summer to winter resorts, and many other details of life history. 



Hibernation. Generally these bats are found hibernating in caves 

 of winter temperature ranging between 50 and 60 F. and rather 

 dry air. They usually remain in a torpid condition from September 

 to April, or about 7 or 8 months, varying according to the climate 

 outside. During the period of torpor they hang head downward 

 from the roof or side walls of the cave, wings folded at sides, ears 

 coiled close to sides of head, and the body as cold as the .surrounding 

 air. They have the feeling and general appearance of death, but on 

 being warmed and moved about at any time during 1 the winter, they 

 gradually return to life. Back in their cool quarters again, however, 

 they return in a few hours to the full torpor of inanition and 

 apparently remain so until the spring awakening. In autumn they 

 are usually fat, and on their first awakening in spring still well sup- 

 plied with fat, which is gradually consumed before insect life be- 

 comes so abundant as to afford an ample supply of food. 



CORYNORHINUS RAFINESQUII INTERMEDIUS H. W. GBINNELL 

 INTERMEDIATE JACK -RABBIT BAT 



Corynorhinus rafinesquii macrotfe H. W. Grinnell, Calif. Univ. Pubs., Zool. 

 12: 320, 1914. 



Type Collected at Auburn, Placer County, Calif., by J. C. Hawver, July 

 31, 1909. 



General characters. Color intermediate between the dusky and larger town- 

 sendii on the northwest and the paler, smaller pallescens of the desert country 

 east of the Sierra Nevada. General color natal brown above, slightly paler 

 below, ears and membrane brownish. 



Measurements. Spread of wings, about 300 mm. Total length, average, 102; 

 tail, 49 ; foot, 10 ; forearm, 42. Weight of one from Modoc Cave 8 g. 



Distribution and habitat. From an extended range over Upper 

 Sonoran Zone of the interior valleys of California this dull-colored 

 form of long-eared bat comes close to the Oregon line at the Modoc 

 lava caves, California, and probably includes those of the Klamath 

 Valley in Oregon (fig. 101). 



General habits. While there is not an identified specimen of this 

 dull-colored bat from Oregon, a typical specimen taken from the 

 great lava cave in the Modoc lava beds just over the line in California 

 insures its occurrence in this part of the State. Four of these were 

 found on October 13, 1920, hanging head down from the walls of the 

 old lava tunnel, torpid, cold, and helpless, with ears coiled like ram's 

 horns at the sides of their heads. They were hanging singly, one 

 in^a place, and when unhooked and tied up together in a handker- 

 chief they soon limbered up, uncoiled their ears, opened their mouth 

 and began to squeak and fight and warm up. They are said to gather 



