INTRODUCTION. 



Order 9. Deinosauria (extinct). Ex. Iguanodon. 



Order 10. Theriodontia (extinct). Ex. Cynodraco. 

 CLASS IV. AVES (Birds). Respiratory organs in the form of lungs, 

 never in the form of gills. Lungs connected with air-receptacles placed 

 in different parts of the body. Heart four-chambered. Blood warm. 

 Skull connected with the backbone by a single articulating surface or 

 " condyle." Each half of the lower jaw composed of several pieces. Ap- 

 pendages of the skin in the form of feathers. Cavities of the chest and 

 abdomen not separated by a complete partition (diaphragm). Fore-limbs 

 converted into wings. Animal oviparous. 



A. Sub-class RATIT.E. 



Order 3. Cursores (Runners). Ex. Ostrich (Struthio), American 

 Ostrich (Rhea), Emeu (Dromaius), Cassowary (Casu- 

 arius), Apteryx, Dinornis. 



B. Sub-class CARINAT.E. 



Order 1. Natatores (Swimmers). Ex. Penguins (Spheniscidae), 

 Gulls (Laridae), Ducks (Anatidae), Geese (Anserinse), 

 Flamingos (Phaenicopteridae). 



4 Order 2. Grallatores (Waders). JEsc. Rails (Rallidse), Water-hens 

 (Gallinulae), Cranes (Gruidae), Herons (Ardeidae), 

 Storks (Ciconinae), Snipes and Woodcock (Scolop- 

 acidae), Plovers, Oyster - catchers, and Turnstones 

 (Charadriidae). 



Order 3. Rasores (Scratchers). Ex. Grouse, Ptarmigan, Partridges, 

 Pheasants, Turkey, Guinea-fowl, Domestic Fowl, 

 Pea -fowl (Gallinacei) ; Doves, Pigeons, Ground- 

 pigeons (Columbacei). 



Order 4. Scansores (Climbers). Ex. Cuckoos (Cuculidse), Wood- 

 peckers (Picidae), Parrots, Cockatoos, Parrakeets 

 (Psittacidae), Toucans (Rhamphastidae), Trogons 

 (Trogonidae). 



Order 5. Insessores (Perchers). Ex. Crows, Magpies, and Jays 

 (Corvidae), Starlings (Sturnidae), Finches, Grosbeaks, 

 Larks (Fringillidae), Thrushes, Blackbirds, Orioles 

 (Merulidae), Creepers and Wrens (Certhidse), Hum- 

 ming-birds (Trochilidae), Swallows and Martins 

 (Hirundinidae), Swifts (Cypselidae), King - fishers 

 (Alcedinidse). 



Order 6. Raptores (Birds of Prey). Ex. Owls (Strigidse), Falcons 

 and Hawks (Falconidae), Eagles (Aquilina) Vultures 

 (Vulturidae), American Vultures (Cathartidae), Sec- 

 retary-bird (Gypogeranus). 



C. Sub-class SAURORNITHES. 



Order Saururce (extinct). Archaeopteryx. 



D. Sub-class ODONTORNITHES. 



Order 1. Odontolcce (extinct). Hesperornis. 



Order 2. Odontotormce (extinct). Ichthyornis, Apatornis. 



