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THE STUDY OF INSECTS. 



Scale, and of many other forms, the scale-like object com- 

 monly seen is not the insect, but an armor beneath which it 

 lives. 



The young insects of this sub-family resemble in general 

 appearance those of other scale insects. Their active stage, 

 however, is much shorter. After crawling about over the 



IMG. 212. Chionaspis pinifolite : 2, scales on Pinus strobus, natural size, leaves stunted; 

 2<i, leaves of P. strobus not stunted by scale insects; vb, scale of female, usual 

 form, enlarged ; z<r, scale of female, wide form, enlarged ; 2</, scale of male en- 

 larged. 



twigs of a tree for a few days, the young scale insect settles 

 upon a suitable place and immediately begins to excrete 

 a cottony substance which soon becomes compacted into a 

 thin pellicle covering the body. As the insect grows and 

 needs to shed its skin, this cast skin is joined to the excretion 

 and forms a part of the scale. This is the bright-colored, 

 nipple-like prominence, seen in the centre of the Pernicious 



