204 THE STUDY OF INSECTS. 



selection. The classification of animals and plants should not be 

 merely the assorting of them into convenient pigeon-holes, but 

 a serious study of their blood-relationships. 



The following synopsis will serve to show what we believe to be 

 the relations of the principal divisions of the order. Following this 

 synopsis there is a table for use in classifying specimens. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 



(See page 207 for a table for determining specimens.') 



A. THE JUGATE LEPIDOPTERA. Moths in which the two wings of 

 each side are united by &jugnm (Fig. 238, /), p. 214. 



Suborder JUGAT/E. 



B. The Swifts or Macrojugatce, p. 215 Family HEPIALID/E. 



BB. The Little-wing Jugates or Microjugatce, p. 216. 



Family MICROPTERYGID^E. 



AA. THE FRENATE LEPIDOPTERA. Moths, skippers, and butterflies 

 in which the two wings of each side are united by Sifrenitlum (Fig. 

 237. /) or by its substitute, a large humeral angle of the hind wing 



(Fig. 241), p. 216 Suborder FRENAT^E. 



B. THE GENERALIZED FRENAT^E. Moths that are supposed to 

 retain more nearly than any other Frenatse the form of the primi- 

 tive Frenatae, those that were the first to appear on earth. In 

 these generalized moths the wings approach the"' typical form ; 

 the base of vein V of one or both pairs of wings is preserved 

 throughout a considerable part at least of the discal cell ; and 

 the anal veins are well preserved, there being two or three in 

 the fore wing and three in the hind wing. The frenulum is 

 usually well preserved. 



The Flannel-moths, p. 218 Family MEGALOPYGID^E. 



The Bag-worm Moths, p. 219 Family PSYCHID^E. 



Carpenter-moths, p. 221 Family COSSID^E. 



The Slug-caterpillar Moths, p. 223 Family EUCLEID^E. 



The Smoky-moths, p. 226 Family PYROMORPHID^. 



THE SPECIALIZED FRENATAJ. Moths, skippers, and butter- 

 that depart more widely than do the Generalized Prenatal 

 3m the primitive type of Lepidoptera, being more highly modi- 

 >r special conditions of existence. An indication of the 

 iciahzed condition of these insects is the modified form of the 

 In nearly all the base of vein V has been lost and the 

 branches of this vein joined to veins III and VII. 



