COLEOPTERA. 573 



Borer, Saperda Candida (Sa-per'da can'di-da). Excepting the 

 Codlin-moth, which infests the fruit, this is the worst enemy 

 of the apple that we have. Its common name is used to dis- 

 tinguish it from the Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer, already 

 described, the larva of this species being nearly cylindrical 

 in form (Fig. 690). The eggs are laid on the bark at the 

 base of the tree late in June or July. The larva at first 

 bores in the soft sap-wood, making a disk-shaped mine ; after 

 this it works in an upward direction in the harder wood, and 

 at the close of its larval existence comes to the surface 

 several inches above the place it entered. It requires 

 nearly three years for this larva to attain its growth ; it 

 changes to a pupa, near the upper end of its burrow, about 

 the middle of May, and emerges as a beetle in June. The 

 beetle (Fig. 697) is of a pale-brown color above, with two 



TTT 



FIG. 697. FIG. 698. FIG. 699. 



broad, white stripes extending the whole length of the body. 

 Although the larva is found chiefly in apple, it infests many 

 other trees. 



The Two-spotted Oberea, Oberea biinaculata (O-ber'e-a bi- 

 mac-u-la'ta), is sometimes a serious pest, boring in the canes 

 of blackberry and raspberry. The larva resembles that of 

 the preceding species. The adult (Fig. 698) is about one 

 half inch in length and of a deep-black color, except the 

 prothorax, which is yellow. There are usually two or three 

 black spots on the pronotum, but frequently these are 

 wanting. 



