22 THE MINDS AND MANNERS 



either side by two uninjured ones. They were making a hasty 

 retreat and would occasionally dive together, but would quickly 

 return to the surface. 



"We found the most effective exposed spot to place a bullet 

 was at the base of the animal's skull. A walrus instantly killed this 

 way generally sinks, leaving a trail of blood and oil to mark the 

 place of his descent. When hunting these animals it is well to have 

 an Eskimo along with harpoon and line in readiness to make fast; 

 otherwise one is apt to lose his quarry. 



"In the early winter we usually found the walrus in smaller 

 groups up in the bays. This was after the ice had begun to make, 

 and in coming to the surface to breathe the animals found it neces- 

 sary to butt their noses against the ice to break it. I have seen this 

 done in ice at least four inches in thickness. In some instances I 

 have seen a fractured star in the ice, a record of an unsuccessful 

 attempt to make a breathing hole. 



"Around these breathing holes we frequently found fragments 

 of clam-shells, sections of crinoids and sea-anemones. It is evident 

 that after raking the bottom with his tusks and filling his mouth 

 with food, the walrus separates the food he desires to retain and 

 rejects on his way up and at the surface such articles as he has 

 picked up in haste and does not want. 



"From the fact that the walrus is easily approached it is a simple 

 matter to kill him with the modern high power rifle. It is therefore 

 to be hoped that future expeditions into the arctic seas will kill 

 sparingly of these tremendous brutes which from point of size 

 stand in the foremost rank among mammals." 



The Elephant, Rhinoceros and Hippopotamus. In- 

 dividual Elephants vary in temperament far more than do rhi- 

 noceroses or hippopotami, and the variations are wide. In a 

 wild state, elephants are quiet and undemonstrative, almost to 

 the point of dullness. They do not domineer, or hector, or 

 quarrel, save when a rogue develops in the ranks, and sets out 

 to make things interesting by the commission of lawless acts. 

 A professional rogue is about everything that an orthodox ele- 

 phant should not be, and he soon makes of himself so great a 

 nuisance that he is driven out of the herd. 



The temperament of the standardized and normal elephant 

 is distinctly sanguine, but a nervous or hysterical individual is 

 easily developed by bad conditions or abuse. Adult male ele- 



