88 MODERN TRAINING. 



indicated, it is then required. The moral effect of its pres- 

 ence is a great governing influence with headstrong dogs. 

 Timid dogs even will require a little application of it before 

 their education is completed. By proper handling, a timid 

 or cowardly dog can be whipped without cowing him. 

 When they are sufficiently advanced to correct their offences, 

 the whip can be used lightly on them, merely the weight of 

 the lash without any force to it, if necessary. By also show- 

 ing and cracking it occasionally, the dog becomes familiar 

 with the sight of it, then it can be applied with the nec- 

 essary punishing force. Obstinate dogs should also become 

 familiar with the sight of it. There is no surer way to make 

 an untrained dog whip-shy than to associate certain punish- 

 ment with the act of taking the whip in the hand. After 

 the timid dog has been whipped once so that pain is in- 

 flicted, merely cracking the whip will be sufficient warning 

 to dogs of such very mild dispositions, for a time, for sub- 

 sequent offences; indeed, a mere reproof is punishment to 

 some dogs. 



Hard-headed, obstinate dogs require much more pun- 

 ishment; and there are dogs which require good, honest 

 thrashings frequently repeated; in fact, with some the occa- 

 sion occurs with periodical exactness. The trainer can observe 

 all the little premonitory signs that lead to the repetition of a 

 fault, and, by experience, the dog knows equally well that 

 he has committed the fault, yet will do it with a full knowl- 

 edge that he has to suffer punishment. With such dogs the 

 punishment should always follow the fault, and with every 

 recurrence, it should be increased. Dogs of certain dispo- 

 sitions can be corrected by mixed reproof or punishment. 

 Except with the dog which willfully and knowingly commits 

 a fault, good training does not necessarily consist in punish- 

 ing for a fault every time it is committed. It consists in de- 

 veloping the dog's capabilities by such system as accords 



