BREAKING AND HANDLING. 197 



tion. He tries to educate him first, and give the experience 

 afterward, if any is given at all. A dog improperly trained in 

 his ranging by having been kept under perpetual restraint 

 may, in working, appear to be ranging well, but is simply 

 ranging without any intelligent plans. He is running on 

 all kinds of ground, and not systematically going from one 

 likely place to another. This is particularly noticeable when 

 he is hunting with a properly experienced dog. The infe- 

 rior dog, from a system of incessant suppression, has no 

 motive other than to run while in the fields. 



The ranging may be impaired by working the dog too 

 constantly against the wind. The dog, from habit, becomes 

 accustomed to guide his course by it, and cannot work well 

 in any other direction. If the handler walks down wind, 

 the dog turns up "wind at the end of his fling, and may 

 come close in front or behind his handler; or he may turn 

 up wind, then turn down wind and resume his cast across, 

 thus making a loop at the end of every cast. This vicious 

 habit is also at times caused by over-training. A few dogs 

 naturally turn in at the end of their range. Whatever the 

 cause, it is important to correct it in the beginning, if pos- 

 sible. Often it will require the most persistent effort to do 

 so. If the dog comes in, meet him with the whip, flourish- 

 ing it, and drive him out to his work if his disposition will 

 admit of the use of the whip without injury to his work; if 

 not, he should be ordered to drop, then turn him in the 

 proper direction. Another* faulty method, one very annoy- 

 ing to the handler and damaging to sport, is the constant 

 running out and immediately returning to the handler. If 

 the running is done in a course parallel with the handler in 

 a line ahead of him, it can hardly be called ranging, and is 

 next to worthless. By a self-hunting experience the dog 

 learns to hunt in any direction, regardless of the direction 

 of the wind, or rather, he can take advantage of it, in any 

 direction except down wind. 



