BREAKING AND HANDLING. 271 



thy, distress, mortification, etc.; and volition, cunning, love 

 of home, anticipation, memory, etc., which are not related or 

 necessary to instinct. Having the physiological organs of 

 mind and exhibiting the phenomena of mind in his acts, 

 why should any conclusion be derived therefrom in relation 

 to instinct ? 



Physiologically, the analogy in the nervous organization 

 and the organs of sense is not the only one. It could be 

 shown, that in the organic animal world there is a close and 

 related gradation of animal forms from man as the highest, 

 down through the intermediate gradations to the lowest. 

 Taking the highest type of man as the starting point, there 

 are several regular descending gradations to the lowest 

 type of man which have each distinguishing peculiarities of 

 physical structure, noticeably in that of the brain, and dis- 

 tinct gradations of intellect, dependent on the peculiar 

 brain formation and proportions of its matter which are 

 present in each gradation; from the lowest forms of man 

 to certain forms of the lower animals, the gradation de- 

 scends with uniformity. This insensible gradation of 

 forms is still more apparent in the skeletons; many animals 

 varying greatly in their mature forms have skeletons show- 

 ing close analogies. The similarity is even greater in the 

 embryos. Widely different species, such as birds, snakes, 

 mammals, have embryos which are so wonderfully alike that, 

 up to a certain period of development, they are indistin- 

 guishable one from the other, although each species may 

 present wholly dissimilar mature forms; all of which shows 

 the analogy of animal organisms. 



In the human species, the formation, weight and matter 

 of the brain vary from that of the highest type, the Cau- 

 casian, through intermediate races to the lowest in certain 

 savage tribes, thence in a descending scale of formations in 

 the lower animals. It is reasonable to infer that the mental 



