272 MODERN TRAINING. 



phenomena of the highest form of brain would be present 

 in a lesser and lesser degree in all the brains that had anal- 

 ogous formations, but were successively inferior to it. 

 That there are such differences in the mental powers of 

 men, the different races afford proof. In tribes which have 

 a brain formation approaching that of the lower animals, as, 

 for instance, the aboriginal Australian tribes, the clay eaters 

 of the Orinoco, etc., which lead an animal existence, the 

 intelligence is very low, and incapable of extending to other 

 than the simplest forms of abstraction. The reasoning 

 faculties, unlike instinct, are notable for their variability and 

 want of uniformity in individuals of the same family, tribe, 

 or race; these mental differences are observable in the lower 

 animals. By considering the close gradation in physical 

 forms, in brain and nervous organizations, and the mental 

 phenomena of different kinds of animals which conform to 

 their brain development, there is proof of a gradation of 

 minds as well as of physical forms. 



While it is herein contended that a dog has mind, it will 

 be explained that, as compared to that of man, it is in many 

 respects very imperfect; some faculties appear to be wholly 

 absent; on the other hand, some of its physiological func- 

 tions appear to be superior, such as the sense of smell and 

 hearing; and in other animals, the sense of sight. The 

 most important absent faculty, /. e., a failure to understand 

 language, will -be hereinafter dwelt upon. 



Reason, one of the attributes of mind, is extremely diffi- 

 cult to define in a metaphysical sense. Every man is con- 

 scious of his own mind but wholly unconscious of that of 

 others, hence a priori principles must be assumed. Only 

 by certain phenomena can we judge of the existence of 

 mind in others; and no one can analyze his own. Webster 

 defines reason as follows: 



" The faculty or capacity of the human mind by which it 



