BREAKING AND HANDLING. 273 



is distinguished from the lower animals; the higher as dis- 

 tinguished from the lower cognitive faculties, as sense, imag- 

 ination and memory, and in contrast to the feelings and 

 desires, including conception, judgment, reasoning, and the 

 intuitional faculty; the intuitional faculty, or the faculty of 

 first truths, as distinguished from the understanding, which 

 is called the discursive or ratiocinative faculty." This defi- 

 nition attempts so much in a small space that it accomplishes 

 nothing. It is plain that the first clause is meaningless. 

 The lower animals have not the slightest distinguishing 

 relation to reason, for, if they were all destroyed, reason 

 would exis, continuously in man without reference to them. 

 The rest of the definition is bad, since no one faculty is 

 distinct to the exclusion of others, nor is there a uniform 

 agreement amongst philosophers on the divisions of the 

 intellect. The most comprehensive definition is " the con- 

 sciousness of likeness and unlikeness," which also requires 

 memory. 



Referring again to the mind's sources of knowledge, /. e., 

 the senses, the feelings caused by them are called sensations. 

 The consciousness of a sensation and its cause is called a 

 perception. This has been concisely illustrated as follows: 

 "If I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer 

 that smell to the external object which occasions it, I have 

 a perception." Now, the dog has the power of sensation 

 since he has the full number of organs of sense, and has 

 the faculty of perception since he can discriminate and refer 

 sensations to their cause conformably with the special func- 

 tions of each sense no one will dispute that to hit a dog 

 with a whip, or to let him smell or see a piece of meat, or 

 to call him by name, will cause both a sensation and a per- 

 ception; but to grant this carries with it a concession of 

 knowledge in the dog, and according to Prof. Bain, "All 

 perception or knowledge implies mind." With respect tc 



