BREAKING AND HANDLING. 281 



it has been shown that the dog has the phenomena of mind, 

 but must have his abstract knowledge from perception of 

 objective phenomena. It could be shown that dogs have 

 an understanding of each other's barks and actions to a cer- 

 tain degree, but such would not add to the force of what has 

 already been adduced. The subject has been treated in its 

 most elementary form as related to popular observation. 

 While the belief of a mind in the lower animals may appear 

 novel to some readers, it is respectably ancient. To gain 

 a comprehensive grasp of the subject, it is necessary to read 

 many voluminous works of natural history and metaphysics, 

 besides being a close observer of nature. 



The importance of the subject as it relates to the educa- 

 tion of the dog is apparent. The most comprehensive object 

 experience is necessary for him to acquire knowledge ; the 

 commands are associated with objects in such a manner that, 

 when re-presented in the dog's memory, he has a clear 

 knowledge of their meaning ; it shows the absurdity of con- 

 ducting a training on a theory of instinct ; it shows that the 

 dog, being intelligent, should be treated kindly to develop 

 his best effort ; and it shows the fallacy of hastily judging 

 without proper investigation. The phenomena enumerated 

 by no means include all that is peculiar to the dog ; they 

 are simply cited for illustration, and not as being exhaustive. 



