52 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



source of profit to white adventurers on the New 

 Guinea coasts, and for these occupations native 

 laborers are recruited. These laborers have in 

 many cases been starved, defrauded, and ill 

 treated, causing them to run away, entailing 

 upon them severe punishment, which has resulted 

 in fights from which the whites have suffered. 

 At some parts of the coast the natives are still 

 addicted to savage raids and cannibal feasts, to 

 which two white gold-diggers fell victims in 

 February, 1901, and the missionary James Chal- 

 mers and his party in the April following. Late 

 in the same year 20 persons were murdered and 

 devoured on the Waria river. The Government 

 staff is too small to afford protection over an 

 immense territory or to mete out punishment. 

 The Church of England mission, with a Euro- 

 pean staff of 20, has immediate control over 

 15,000 natives, and 1,000 children attend 14 

 schools. Under the teaching of missionaries the 

 natives become ashamed of cannibalism, and 

 though there are lapses among converts, the in- 

 fluence of civilization spreads rapidly among the 

 people, who have considerable natural intelli- 

 gence. While cannibal raids are still as frequent 

 as ever in Dutch New Guinea and on the border, 

 in British territory they grow less every year. 

 The different missionary societies have appor- 

 tioned the territory among themselves. The An- 

 glicans on the northeast coast have the region 

 that was the latest to be opened up, but which 

 on account of the gold discoveries has become the 

 center of interest to the whites. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in 

 central Europe, composed, under the fundamental 

 law of Dec. 21, 18(57, of the Empire of Austria 

 and the Kingdom of Hungary, inseparable con- 

 stitutional monarchies, hereditary in the male 

 line of the dynasty of Hapsburg-Lorraine and in 

 the female line in the event of the extinction of 

 the male line. The legislative power in affairs 

 common to both monarchies, namely, foreign re- 

 lations, military and naval affairs, with the ex- 

 ception of the national territorial armies, com- 

 mon finance, commercial and railroad affairs con- 

 cerning both monarchies, the customs tariff, the 

 coinage, and the administration of the occupied 

 Turkish provinces, is exercised by committees 

 of the legislative bodies of both monarchies, 

 called the Delegations, which meet alternately 

 in Vienna and Budapest, the Austrian and Hun- 

 garian capitals. The Delegations are composed 

 of 20 members from each of the upper houses and 

 40 members from each of the popular chambers, 

 elected by the respective bodies for each annual 

 session. Each Delegation meets and votes sepa- 

 rately, and in case of a disagreement the two 

 Delegations come together and decide the matter 

 by a joint vote. The common ministers are re- 

 sponsible to the Delegations and may be im- 

 peached for unconstitutional or illegal acts. The 

 Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary is 

 Franz Josef I, born Aug. 18, 1830, proclaimed 

 Emperor of Austria on Dec. 2, 1848, when his 

 uncle, Ferdinand I, abdicated in consequence of 

 a revolution; crowned King of Hungary on June 

 8, 1807, when the ancient constitutional rights of 

 the kingdom were restored. The heir presumptive 

 is the Emperor-King's nephew, the Archduke 

 Franz Ferdinand, born April 21. 1865, son of the 

 late Archduke Karl Ludwig and the Princess 

 Annunciata, daughter of the former King of Na- 

 ples. The ministers of the whole monarchy at 

 the beginning of 1902 were as follow: Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial House, 

 Graf Afjenor Maria Adam Goluchowski; Com- 

 mon Minister of War, Gen. Edmund, Freiherr von 



Krieghammer ; Common Minister of Finance, 

 Benjamin de Kallay. 



The Common Budget. The expenditure for 

 common affairs in 1899 was 328,7 56,000 crowns 

 (1 crown = $ florin = 20.3 cents). The revenue 

 from customs was 116,988,000 crowns; contribu- 

 tion of Austria, 145,272,000 crowns; contribution 

 of Hungary, 66,496,000 crowns. The preliminary 

 accounts for 1900 make the total expenditure 

 337,348,000 crowns, of which 124,950,000 crowns 

 were obtained from customs; of the remainder 

 Austria paid 139,333,000 crowns and Hungary 

 73,065,000 crowns. The approved estimates for 

 1901 make the total expenditure 337,000,000 

 crowns, customs yielding 125,039,000 crowns 

 of this sum, leaving Austria to provide 156,- 

 979,000 crowns and Hungary 82.319,000 crowns. 

 For 1902 the sanctioned estimates of ex- 

 penditure amount to 365,181,966 crowns, 321,- 

 704,948 crowns for ordinary and 43,477,018 

 crowns for extraordinary purposes, appropriated 

 as follows: 10,551,062 crowns for ordinary and 

 203,995 crowns for extraordinary expenses of the 

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, making a total of 

 10,754,357 crowns; 275,858,619 crowns for ordi- 

 nary and 20,019,103 crowns for extraordinary 

 expenses of the army, making 295,877,722 

 crowns; 30,803,200 crowns for ordinary and 

 15,887,620 crowns for extraordinary expenses of 

 the navy, making 46,690,820 crowns; 4,174,307 

 crowns for expenses of the Ministry of Finance; 

 317,760 crowns for the Board of Control; 7,367,- 

 000 crowns of extraordinary expenditure for the 

 military occupation of Bosnia. The customs 

 revenue for 1902 was estimated at 110,541,299 

 crowns; receipts from the Government depart- 

 ments, 6,191,677 crowns; matricular contribu- 

 tions of the two halves of the monarchy, 254,640,- 

 667 crowns. The Ausgleich negotiated in 1887, 

 fixing for ten years the proportional contribu- 

 tions of the two monarchies to the common ex- 

 penditure and adjusting the customs and the 

 financial relations in general, was continued pro- 

 visionally after its expiration, no agreement hav- 

 ing been reached as to a new arrangement. A 

 joint commission in November, 1899, arrived at 

 a compromise according to which Hungary 

 should pay 34.4 per cent, and Austria 65.6 per 

 cent, of common expenditure in excess of receipts 

 from customs. The Austrian Reichsrath and 

 the Hungarian Parliament failing to ratify this 

 agreement, it was left to the decision of the Em- 

 ptror-King to frame a modus Vivendi. He de- 

 cided on Dec. 30, 1899, that until July 1. 1901, 

 the scheme of the joint commission should have 

 application. 



The general debt, consisting of debts incurred 

 by the Empire before 1868, amounted on July 1, 

 1901, with the floating debt of 95,796,985 crowns, 

 to 5,434,428.306 crowns. The share of Austria 

 in the annual charges was 166,382,255 crowns for 

 interest and 22.646,305 crowns for amortization; 

 Hungary's share \v;is 60,298,646 crowns for inter- 

 est and 279,016 crowns for amortization. Since 

 the creation of the dual monarchy no loans have 

 been issued in common. There were 224,000,000 

 crowns of state notes in circulation on Jan. 1, 

 1901, which are guaranteed jointly. Provision is 

 made for their retirement before Sept. 1, 1903. 

 The Austro-Hungarian Bank had 1.494,023,320 

 crowns of bank-notes in circulation, which must 

 be protected by a reserve of 40 per cent, in silver 

 or gold. The state notes will be replaced by 5- 

 crown silver pieces to the amount of 64.000,000 

 crowns and by 10-erown bank-notes, which as 

 well ;s the silver pieces will be fully protected 

 by gold. The gold basis was adopted for Aus- 



