76 



BOLIVIA. 



BRAZIL. 



60 per cent, over to the Government. The com- 

 pany undertakes to maintain a police force at 

 its own expense, but the Government will furnish 

 troops if they are necessary to defend the fron- 

 tiers. At the end of thirty years the Bolivian 

 Government may resume the fiscal administra- 

 tion, but the company may retain its privileges 

 of trading and exploitation perpetually. The 

 company can develop ways of communication of 

 all sorts and charge tolls for their use. It un- 

 dertakes to assist the Government to raise a 

 loan on the security of the Government's share 

 in the taxes and customs. In Caupolican the 

 company receives an exclusive title to all valu- 

 able lands as soon as they are surveyed, is exempt 

 from taxes and customs duties for fifty years, 

 can charge tolls on roads and waterways for that 

 period, must maintain a police force and estab- 

 lish a postal service, and pays to the Govern- 

 ment 20 per cent, of the annual profits, while 20 

 per cent, more are to be expended in improving 

 communications. The great rubber forests on 

 the Beni. Madre de Dios, and Orton rivers, which 

 have their outlet down the Madeira river, are 

 outside these concessions and are already in the 

 hands of individuals and companies which lose 

 a good part of the rubber in the falls of the Ma- 

 deira and pay heavy charges for transport. The 

 Acre rubber goes down the Purus and the Yurua, 

 while that from Caupolican is transported by a 

 mule road, which is being improved, over the 

 Cordilleras to Lake Titicaca. A strip along the 

 border of both Acre and Caupolican is the dis- 

 trict which Peru disputes with Bolivia. What 

 part of the areas can be claimed by Peru can 

 only be determined by a survey of the frontier. 

 Whenever the Bolivian Government has attempt- 

 ed to establish its authority in these regions 

 Peru has raised a protest, and when the terms 

 of the concession to American capitalists were 

 made known the Peruvian Government strongly 

 protested. On several occasions agreements have 

 been signed between Bolivia and Peru in order 

 to settle their differences, but they have never 

 been finally ratified. The last agreement, con- 

 cluded after the Brazilian arbitration and before 

 the concession to the Anglo-American chartered 

 company, seemed more likely to lead to a defi- 

 nite treaty. The Brazilian Government protested 

 yet more vigorously against the lease to an 

 American syndicate of a vast territory on the 

 Amazon river, such syndicate to have powers of 

 internal administration. Bolivia offered to trans- 

 fer to Brazil one-fifth of the syndicate's holding 

 in order to allay this opposition. The Brazilian 

 Government replied on April 14, 1902, that the 

 territory in question is still the subject of con- 

 tention with Peru, and in no case would Brazil 

 agree to a lease which gives to the lessee the use 

 of military force and really gives up sovereign 

 rights, so that if Brazil were a party to such an 

 arrangement she would have to meet face to face 

 authorities which she never can or will acknowl- 

 edge. The Brazilian Government thereupon with- 

 drew from the consideration of the Brazilian Con- 

 gresw a treaty of commerce and navigation with 

 Bolivia which had been submitted to its ap- 

 proval, threatened to break off all diplomatic re- 

 lations with Bolivia if the lease of territory in 

 the Acre region were not rescinded, and an- 

 nounced that obstacles would be placed in the 

 way of any development by the syndicate of this 

 region by means of the affluents of the Amazon 

 running through Brazilian territory. The United 

 States Government, while making "it clear that it 

 could not interfere in behalf of the American 

 syndicate beyond asking fair consideration, ten- 



dered its good offices for the settlement of the 

 boundary dispute. 



BRAZIL, a federal republic in South America. 

 The National Congress consists of a Senate of 63- 

 members, 3 from each state and 3 from the fed- 

 eral district, elected for nine years by direct suf- 

 frage, one-third retiring every three years, and a 

 House of Deputies containing 212 members, 1 to 

 70,000 of population, elected for three years. 

 Every adult male Brazilian has the right to vote, 

 with the exception of soldiers in active service, 

 members of monastic orders, paupers, and per- 

 sons who have been convicted of crime. The 

 President of the Republic is elected by direct 

 suffrage for four years. Dr. Manoel Ferraz de 

 Campos Salles was elected President for the 

 term beginning Nov. 15, 1898, and Dr. Francisco 

 Rosa e Silva was elected Vice-President. The 

 following ministers were in office at the begin- 

 ning of 1902: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. 

 Olyntho de Maghalaes; Minister of Finance, Dr. 

 Joaquin Martinho; Minister of War, Marshal 

 Joao Nepomuk de Medeiros Mallet; Minister of 

 Industry, Alfredo Maia; Minister of the Interior 

 and Justice, Sabino Barroso; Minister of Marine, 

 Rear- Admiral J. Pinto da Luz. 



Area and Population. The area of Brazil is 

 officially estimated at 3,218,130 square miles. A 

 census taken in 1900 was rejected by the Govern- 

 ment as defective, since it showed a decrease in 

 population, whereas a considerable increase was 

 expected. According to the census of Dec. 31, 

 1890, the population was 14,333,915, consisting of 

 7,237,932 males and 7,095,983 females. Rio de 

 Janeiro had in 1900 about 750,000 inhabitants. 

 The total population in 1890 comprised 6,302,198 

 white persons, 4,638,495 of mixed race, 2,097.426 

 negroes, and 1,295,796 Indians. The number of 

 immigrants in 1898 was 53,822, including 33,272 

 Italians, 11,662 Portuguese, 5,943 Spaniards, 669 

 Austrians, 477 Germans, 247 French, 137 Rus- 

 sians, and 129 Swiss. The total number of for- 

 eigners domiciled in Brazil is estimated at 2.695,- 

 500, comprising 1,300,000 Italians, 800,000 Portu- 

 guese, 300,000 Germans, 100,000 Spaniards, 80,000 

 Poles, 10,000 French, 5,000 British, and 100,500 

 others. 



Finances. The estimated revenue in 1900 was 

 53,975,000 milreis in gold and 312,958,000 milreis 

 in paper, and the estimated expenditure was 36,- 

 974,000 milreis in gold and 263,162,000 milreis in 

 paper. For 1901 the revenue was estimated at 

 58,869,000 milreis in gold and 286,082.000 milreis 

 in paper, and the expenditure at 37,510,000 mil- 

 reis in gold and 244.514.000 milreis in paper. The 

 budget for 1902 makes the revenue 42,877,000 mil- 

 reis in gold and 257,361.000 milreis in paper, of 

 which 33,430,000 milreis in gold and 130.580.000 

 milreis in paper were import duties, 1,000,000 mil- 

 reis in gold and 72.744,000 milreis in paper were 

 internal revenue, 34,870.000 milreis in paper were 

 excise duties, 90,000 milreis in gold and 7,645.000 

 milreis in paper were funding bonds, 8,357. >nii 

 milreis in gold were receipts allocated to the 

 guarantee of the paper currency, 2,920,000 milreis 

 in paper were special revenue for the redemption 

 of the currency, 6,000.000 milreis in paper WIMV 

 revenue for the amortization fund, 2,530,000 mil- 

 reis in paper were for the port fund, and 72.oii( 

 milreis in paper were for a salvage fund. The ex- 

 penditures for 1902 were estimated at 33,555,000 

 milreis in gold and 224.415.000 milreis in paper. 

 of which 15.916.000 milreis in paper were for tlio 

 Ministry of the Interior and Justice, 889,000 mil- 

 reis in gold and 828,000 milreis in paper for the 

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23.200,000 milreis in 

 paper for the Ministry of Marine, 45,579,000 mil- 



