EGYPT. 



227 



000 kilograms. The rubber export was 501,600 

 kilograms. The forests of rubber-trees have been 

 nearly exhausted, but many trees have been 

 planted in recent years. The Indians wash gold 

 from stream beds, and at Esmeraldas an Ameri- 

 can company is working with hydraulic machin- 

 ery, obtaining both gold and platinum. At 

 Zaruma quartz is mined. Silver is also found. 

 Copper, lead, iron, sulfur, and petroleum exist, 

 but are not exported. The total value of imports 

 in 1900 was 13,431,179 sucres; of exports, 15,419,- 

 222 sucres. The principal imports are cotton 

 goods, woolens, machinery, and hardware. The 

 export of cacao in 1900 was 10,700,581 sucres; of 

 ivory-nuts, 1,400,793 sucres; of rubber, 1,076,068 

 sucres; of silver coin and bullion, 349,876 sucres; 

 of Panama hats, 321,307 sucres. Of the total im- 

 ports Great Britain sent 29 per cent., the United 

 States 25 per cent., Germany 19 per cent., France 

 9 per cent. Of the exports France took 35 per 

 cent., the United States 20 per cent., Germany 17 

 per cent., and Great Britain 15 per cent. 



Navigation. The number of vessels in the 

 ocean trade entered at the ports of Ecuador dur- 

 ing 1900 was 862, of 55,358 tons; cleared, 850, of 

 50,651 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. A rail- 

 road from Duran, opposite the port of Guayaquil, 

 to Chimbo, 65 miles, is being rebuilt and extended 

 to Quito, 20 miles having been completed beyond 

 Chimbo in 1901, leaving 195 miles to be con- 

 structed through a fertile country producing 

 cacao, coffee, and sugar. 



The length of telegraph-lines is 1,242 miles. 



The post-office in 1900 carried 820,000 letters in 

 the internal and 1,809,000 in the international 

 service and 6,347,000 newspapers and packets. 



EGYPT, a principality in northern Africa, 

 tributary to Turkey and under the military oc- 

 cupation and the political and financial control 

 of Great Britain. The Government is an abso- 

 lute monarchy of the Mohammedan type, modi- 

 fied by the law of primogeniture and the intro- 

 duction of a Council of Ministers, and now sub- 

 ject to the control of the British diplomatic 

 agent. The Khedive, or Viceroy, is Abbas Hilmi, 

 born July 14, 1874, who succeeded on the death 

 of his father, Mehemet Tewfik, Jan. 7, 1892. The 

 heir apparent is Prince Mohamed, born Feb. 20, 

 1899. The British occupation has lasted since 

 the suppression of the military revolt led by 

 Arabi Pasha in 1882, and since Jan. 18, 1883, 

 an English financial adviser has had the power 

 of veto over financial measures and has generally 

 exercised a decisive voice in all important meas- 

 ures, imposing such as he and his Government 

 consider desirable and preventing the enactment 

 of others that they disapprove. A conference 

 of representatives of the powers, assembled at 

 Constantinople to consider the situation caused 

 by the bankruptcy of the Egyptian treasury, dis- 

 solved when England intervened single-handed 

 in Egypt after the signature of a self-denying 

 protocol. England and France previously exer- 

 cised a dual financial control ; but, France hav- 

 ing refused to join in the military intervention, 

 Great Britain thenceforward assumed control of 

 the Egyptian Government, giving the assurance, 

 which was reiterated afterward by successive 

 British ministers, that the British troops would 

 evacuate Egypt as soon as Egypt should be able 

 to maintain a firm and orderly Government. 

 The Cabinet of the Khedive, appointed on April 

 16, 1894, was composed as follows: President of 

 the Coimcil and Minister of the Interior, Mus- 

 tapha Fehmi Pasha; Minister of War and Ma- 

 rine, Mohamed Abani Pasha; Minister of Public 



Works and Public Instruction, Hussein Fakhry 

 Pasha; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Butros Ghali 

 Pasha; Minister of Finance, Ahmet Mazlum 

 Pasha; Minister of Justice, Ibrahim ruad Pasha. 

 The British diplomatic agent .at the beginning of 

 1902 was Earl Cromer; financial adviser, J. L. 

 Gorst; commander-in-chief of the army of occu- 

 pation, Lieut.-Gen. R. A. J. Talbot. 



Area and Population. Egypt has -an area of 

 400,000 square miles below Wady Haifa, including 

 the oases in the Libyan desert, the desert region 

 between the Nile and the Red Sea, and the dis- 

 trict of El Arish in Syria. The fertile valley and 

 delta of the Nile have an area of only 12,976 

 square miles. The total population at the cen- 

 sus of 1897 was 9,734,405, comprising 4,947,850 

 males and 4,786,555 females. The foreign popula- 

 tion was 112,526, including 38,175 Greeks, 24,467 

 Italians, 19,557 British, 14,155 French, 7,117 Aus- 

 tro-Hungarians, 3,193 Russians, 1,277 Germans, 

 1,301 Persians, and 3,284 of other nationalities. 

 The increase in the general population since 1882 

 has been at the rate of 2.76 per cent, per annum. 

 Of the native population in 1897 over ten years 

 of age 2,049,258 males were employed in agricul- 

 ture; 532,322 males and 21,496 females in indus- 

 tries; 184,096 males were laborers; 61,577 males 

 and 4,801 females were clerks; 4,072 males and 

 2,553 females were in the professions; 156,623 

 males and 2,218 females were engaged in religious 

 work and in teaching, including 2,171 Christian 

 ecclesiastics and Jewish rabbis and 113,438 read- 

 ers of the Koran, 40,441 students and school chil- 

 dren above the age of ten, and 4,934 teachers of 

 all kinds; 29,201 males were in the army or 

 police; 111,665 males and 32,663 females were do- 

 mestic servants; and 142,089 males and 3,088,673 

 females were without gainful occupation. The 

 total native population over ten years of age 

 was 6,423,307, comprising 3,270,903 males and 

 3,152,404 females; under ten years of age, 3,198,- 

 524, including 1,612,698 males and 1,585,826 fe- 

 males; total native population, 9,621.831, com- 

 prising 4,883,601 males and 4,738,230 females. Of 

 the foreign population, comprising 64,249 males 

 and 48,325 females, 385 males were engaged in 

 agriculture; 25,494 males and 2,371 females were 

 in industries and trades; 1,172 males were labor- 

 ers; 6,031 males and 148 females were clerks; 

 1,959 males and 189 females were in the liberal 

 professions; 4,361 males and 2,049 females were 

 ecclesiastics, teachers, or students; 6,850 males 

 were on the public force, including the army of 

 occupation; 1,712 males and 2,683 females were 

 domestic servants ; 5,309 males and 30,229 females 

 over ten years of age had no occupation; and 

 10,976 males and 10,656 females were under ten 

 years of age. Cairo, the capital, had 570,062 in- 

 habitants in 1897; Alexandria, 319,766. Of the 

 total foreign population over seven years of age 

 74 per cent, could read and write, of the sedentary 

 Egyptian population only 5.8 per cent. 



Finances. The revenue in 1900 was E. 11,- 

 447,095 and the expenditure E. 9,895.224, leav- 

 ing a surplus of E. 1,552,000, of which E. 

 666,000 were paid into the general reserve fund, 

 E. 265,000 were paid into the economies fund, 

 E. 62,000 were set aside for the sinking-fund, 

 and E. 559,000 went to the Egyptian Govern- 

 ment. The estimate of revenue for 1901 was 

 E. 10,484,000, and of expenditure E. 9.822.- 

 728. For 1902 the revenue was estimated at 

 E. 11,060,000, including E. 215,600 contrib- 

 uted from the general reserve fund. The revenue 

 from ordinary sources was estimated at E. 10,- 

 844,400, of which E. 4.708,000 came from the 

 land tax, E. 172,000 from other direct taxes, 



