FRANCE. 



255 



900 francs; from the bourse tax, 6,809,000 francs; 

 from, the personalty income tax, 79,493,000 

 francs; from customs, 470,266,000 francs, 25,000,- 

 000 francs having been added by the new duty 

 on grain; from indirect taxes, 612,000,000 francs; 

 from sugar, 175,622,000 francs; from tobacco, 414,- 

 898,000 francs ; from matches and gunpowder, 44,- 

 066,000 francs; from posts and telegraphs, 269,- 

 438,000 francs; from railroads and mint, 18,106,000 

 francs; from domains and forests, 55,283,200 

 francs; from various sources, 56,784,000 francs; 

 recettes d'ordre, 71,499,550 francs; revenue of 

 Algeria, 1,846,390 francs; raised on short bonds, 

 40,000,000 francs. The increase in estimated ex- 

 penditure was caused by the payment of 18,000,- 

 000 francs additional interest to guaranteed rail- 

 roads and an addition of 2,578,722 francs to the 

 army budget, offset by reductions in various de- 

 partments, so that the net increase in the esti- 

 mates was 7,342,993 francs. The capital of the 

 French national debt on Jan. 1, 1901, amounted 

 to 30,096,632,622 francs, consisting of 22,001,445,- 

 642 francs of 3- and 3-per-cent. rentes, 3,811,918,- 

 500 francs of 3-per-cent. rentes repayable by an- 

 nuities, 179,454,7(56 francs of the Morgan annuity 

 loan, 2,085,724,767 francs of railroad annuities 

 and guarantees, 536,442,132 francs of debts for 

 roads and school-buildings, 151,020,000 francs of 

 short-date treasury bonds, 184,960,215 francs of 

 miscellaneous debts, and the floating debt of 

 1,145,666,600 francs. The budget for 1902 gives 

 the sum to be paid on the perpetual debt as 675,- 

 643,059 francs; interest and amortization of re- 

 deemable debt, 324,387,377 francs; on floating 

 debt, 243,395,310 francs; total debt charge, 1,243,- 

 425,746 francs. To meet the cost of the China 

 expedition and pay indemnities to French victims 

 of the Boxer outbreak the Government, in Decem- 

 ber, 1901, raised 265,000,000 francs on 3-per-cent. 

 bonds. 



The revenues of the departments in 1897 

 amounted to 285,879,062 francs, and expenditures 

 to 288,703,089 francs; the ordinary revenues of 

 communes for 1900 to 794,120,672 francs, and ex- 

 penditures to 761,164,105 francs; the debts of 

 communes to 3,881,352,204 francs; the estimated 

 revenue and expenditure of the city of Paris for 

 1901 to 348,338,216 francs, 166,000,000 francs 

 being obtained from octrois and 113,000,000 francs 

 of the expenditure being the charge of the debt, 

 which amounted to 2,387,216,295 francs. 



The Army. All young men who are not ex- 

 empt are liable to serve in the active army for 

 three years from the age of twenty, but after one 

 year with the colors those who have learned their 

 duties and are able to read and write may go on 

 unlimited leave of absence. The peace strength of 

 the army in 1902, including soldiers on furlough, 

 was 510J305, including 26,762 officers, in France; 

 58,979, including 2,335 officers, in Algeria; and 

 20,160, including 745 officers, in Tunis; total, 589,- 

 444 men, of whom 29,842 were officers, with 142,- 

 847 horses. There were 4,421 in France, of whom 

 3,719 were officers, on the general staff; 385, of 

 whom 291 were officers, in Algeria; and 115, of 

 whom 90 were officers, in Tunis. In military 

 schools there were 3,673, of whom 391 were of- 

 ficers. Unclassed among the troops were 1,995, of 

 whom 1,745 were officers, in France; 728, of whom 

 540 were officers, in Algeria; and 152, of whom 

 117 were officers, in Tunis. The army corps com- 

 prised 316,947 infantry, including 12,149 officers, 

 in France; 40,946 infantry, including 1,015 officers, 

 in Algeria; 14,428 infantry, including 377 officers, 

 in Tunis, 10,027 administrative troops in France, 

 3.537 in Algeria, and 616 in Tunis; 59,988 cavalry, 

 including 3,461 officers, in France; 7,677 cavalry, 



including 367 officers, in Algeria; and 1,849 cav- 

 alry, including 86 officers, in Tunis; 69,497 artil- 

 lery, including 3,725 officers in France; 2,529, in- 

 cluding 61 officers, in Algeria; 1,710 .artillery,, 

 including 50 officers, in Tunis; 11,693 engineers,, 

 including 504 officers, in France; 1,076 engineers, 

 including 22 officers, in Algeria; 435 engineers,, 

 including 8 officers, in Tunis; 7,469 train, inclu- 

 ding 360 officers, in France; 2,101 train, including 

 39 officers, in Algeria; 712 train, including 13 

 officers, in Tunis. The strength of the army corps 

 was 475,621 men, of whom 20,199 were officers, 

 in France; 57,866, of whom 1,504 were officers, in 

 Algeria; and 19,750, of whom 534 were officers, in 

 Tunis; total, 553,237 men, of whom 22,237 were 

 officers. The total strength of the active army 

 was 564,706 men, of whom 29,130 were officers: 

 485,710, including 26,064 officers, in France 58,979, 

 including 2,335 officers, in Algeria; and 20,017, in- 

 cluding 741 officers, in Tunis. The gendarmerie in 

 France numbered 21,602 men, of whom 625 were 

 officers; and 143, of whom 4 were officers, in 

 Tunis; total, 21,745, of whom 629 were officers, 

 the Algerian gendarmerie being provided for in 

 the Algerian budget. The Garde Republicaine 

 numbered 2,993, of whom 83 were officers. The 

 effective strength of the active army, deducting 

 sick and absent, was 520,280; that of the gen- 

 darmerie and Garde Republicaine was 24,487. 

 The total number of men between twenty and 

 thirty-three years of age who are liable for serv- 

 ice in the active army and its reserve is esti- 

 mated at 2,350,000; the number between the ages 

 of thirty-three and thirty-nine who are inscribed 

 in the territorial army is about 900,000; and in 

 the territorial army reserve, composed of those 

 between thirty-nine and forty-five years of age, 

 1,100,000 are enrolled, making a total war strength 

 of 4,350,000 men, of whom about 2,500,000 are 

 counted upon as efficient. 



The Navy. The French navy, including ves- 

 sels not yet ready for service, consisted in the be- 

 ginning of 1902 of 5 first-class, 7 second-class, and 

 13 third-class battle-ships, 17 armored cruisers, 18- 

 coast-defense ironclads, 1 old battle-ship, 40 pro- 

 tected cruisers. 15 protected cruisers, 15 destroy- 

 ers, 40 first-class and 122 smaller torpedo-boats,, 

 and 14 submarine boats. There were in process 

 of construction 2 first-class battle-ships, 4 armored 

 cruisers, 15 destroyers, 8 first-class and 10 smaller 

 torpedo-boats, and 20 submarine boats. Nearly 

 every vessel on the list is efficient, as it is the 

 practise to destroy all that become obsolete and 

 are not worth rebuilding and fitting out with 

 modern equipment. In 1900 the Chambers voted 

 for the construction of 6 battle-ships of an ag- 

 gregate displacement of 148,650 tons, 5 armored 

 cruisers of 12,600 tons each, 28 destroyers of 350 

 tons each, and a number, not determined, of sub- 

 marine torpedo-boats. Submarine boats have 

 been made the special feature of the French navy, 

 both the type which navigates freely below water 

 and the submersible boat which steams on the 

 surface except when it dives for an attack. In 

 1902 the Chambers voted to begin the btiilding of 

 1 battle-ship and 2 ironclad cruisers, and 3 battle- 

 ships in 1903. The Patrie, begun in 1901. will be 

 ready in 1905. The Rfipublique was laid down in 

 1900. Of the cruisers of the new program the 

 Lf>on Gambetta and Jules Ferry were begun in 

 1900 and the Victor Hugo in 1901. The navy 

 estimates for 1902 also provided for the construc- 

 tion of 13 submarine vessels. 



In the newest development of the French battle- 

 ship, exemplified in the Republique and Patrie, 

 the gun emplacements and all parts below them 

 are fully protected. This type was adopted in the 



