FRANCE. 



263 





and was carried out wherever they were still 

 taught by nuns. When Col. de Saint-Remy was 

 tried the military court virtually upheld his con- 

 duct by sentencing him to one day's imprison- 

 ment. Gen. Andre, the first Minister of War 

 chosen from the army who had made political 

 speeches tinctured with Radicalism, in accord- 

 ance with a decision of the Cabinet, placed Col. 

 de Saint-Remy, whose previous military career 

 was unimpeachable, on the retired list. The So- 

 cialists and Radicals called for the abolition of 

 courts-martial, although in this case the offend- 

 ing officer had clearly acted from conscientious 

 motives after a mental struggle and with no po- 

 litical or self-seeking object, and was technically 

 not insubordinate toward his superior officer, but 

 had only failed to act on the requisition of the 

 prefect transmitted irregularly by the general, 

 whose subsequent personal order was legally 

 void. The soldier had merely disobeyed the civil 

 power, a minor military offense, and the civil 

 power asserted its authority over the army by 

 retiring him from active service. The Pope sent 

 a message of condolence with French Catholics 

 in a brief to the Archbishop of Paris, which con- 

 tained no suggestion of a controversy. When 

 the Chambers reassembled in October a Socialist 

 Deputy proposed the abolition of the concordat, 

 the pact made by Napoleon I with the Vatican 

 which makes the hierarchy and secular clergy of 

 the Roman Catholic Church officials of the state, 

 recipients at present of annual stipends and 

 subventions amounting to 40,000,000 francs. The 

 question was indefinitely postponed by being re- 

 ferred, with the approval of the Government, to 

 a committee by 294 votes to 254. 



Dependencies. The colonies and dependencies 

 of France have an aggregate area of over 5,000,- 

 000 square miles and over 50,000,000 inhabitants. 

 The Minister of the Colonies directs the adminis- 

 tration of the colonies, all of which enjoy a large 

 measure of self-government. Algeria is not treat- 

 ed as a colony, but its departments are assim- 

 ilated to the departments of France and the Gov- 

 ernor-General receives instructions from the min- 

 isters of the French Cabinet, except the Minister 

 of the Colonies and the Ministers of Finance, 

 Justice, and Public Instruction and Worship, hav- 

 ing advisers of his own for these matters. The 

 Chambers make special laws for Algeria, and 

 political and administrative questions not cov- 

 ered by legislation are decided by the President 

 and Council of Ministers. Tunis is under the 

 control of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The 

 Minister of the Colonies is advised by the Supe- 

 rior Colonial Council, composed of the Senators 

 and Deputies of the colonies which have repre- 

 sentation in the French Chambers, delegates from 

 the others, and individuals appointed by the Gov- 

 ernment on account of their official relations or 

 special knowledge of colonial affairs. The Cham- 

 bers vote large sums every year to supplement 

 the revenues collected in the colonies. The total 

 amount of colonial expenditure for 1902 was set 

 down in the budget as 120,598,455 francs, while 

 15,212.947 francs were returned to the French 

 treasury, 10,941,794 francs of this sum being a 

 reimbursement of military expenses from Indo- 

 China. Of the estimated expenditure 3,166,750 

 francs were the expenses of the Ministry of the 

 Colonies, 8.999.000 francs were subventions to 

 cover colonial deficits. 99,541,905 francs were for 

 military expenses, and 8,890.800 francs were for 

 the maintenance of penal settlements. The serv- 

 ices of the French army and navy in the colonies 

 are defrayed, not from the colonial budget, but 

 from the budgets of the Ministries of War and 



Marine. In 1901 free passages were given to 361 

 men, 154 women, and 114 children, who emi- 

 grated to the colonies, taking out a combined 

 capital of 721,000 francs. 



The republic of Andorra in the Pyrenees, hav- 

 ing an area of only 175 square mifes and 6,000 

 inhabitants, bears a feudal relation to France 

 and to the Bishop of Urgel in Spain, each nomi- 

 nating the judicial magistrates in turn. Other- 

 wise it is self-governing. 



Algeria is divided into the departments of Al- 

 giers, Oran, and C'onstantine, each of which sends 

 a Senator and two Deputies to the French Cham- 

 bers. Paul Revoil was appointed Governor-Gen- 

 eral in 1901. The colonial budget is voted by 

 a Superior Council consisting of delegates of the 

 general councils of the departments. The mili- 

 tary territory consists of a part of the Algerian 

 Sahara, which is governed by the military author- 

 ities, but they are controlled by the Governor- 

 General. The area and population of the depart- 

 ments, according to the census of March 24, 1901, 

 are given in the following table: 



The total population in 1896 was 4,429,421. in- 

 cluding 318,137 French and 446,343 foreigners. 

 Of the native population, about 75 per cent, are 

 Kabyles, or Berbers, 15 per cent. Arabs, and 10 

 per cent. Moors, Jews, Turks, negroes, etc. The 

 number of marriages registered in 1899 was 42,- 

 816; of births, 132,676; of deaths, 90,557. These 

 figures are very imperfect, as the native Moham- 

 medans generally avoid making reports. 



The estimated revenue for 1902 was 56,470,947 

 francs, of which 13,066,907 francs came from di- 

 rect taxation, 8,396,200 francs from registration 

 and stamps, 14,627,180 francs from customs, 

 5,179,300 francs from monopolies, 3,723,820 francs 

 from domains and forests, 8,273,905 francs from 

 various sources, and 3,203,635 francs were recettes 

 d'ordre. The total estimated expenditure was 

 54,384,662 francs, of which 7,200,134 francs were 

 for administrative expenses, 8,282,664 francs for 

 finance, 2,728,850 francs for justice, 8,451.913 

 francs for instruction and worship, 8,450.750 

 francs for public works, 4,813,774 francs for agri- 

 culture and forests, 6,528,025 francs for commerce 

 and the post-office, and 7,928,552 francs for colo- 

 nization and charities. The appropriations for 

 religious worship in 1900 were 829,700 francs for 

 Catholics, 307,430 francs for Mussulmans, 97,600 

 francs for Protestants, and 28,970 francs for 

 Jews: total, 1,263,700 francs. The combined reve- 

 nues of Algerian communes, of which there are 

 352, were 26,567,267 francs, their expenditures 

 23,210,977 francs, their debts 69,811,978 francs. 

 The military force in Algeria, the Nineteenth 

 Corps cf the French army, numbered 57.292 men. 

 of whom 2,255 were officers, in 1901, with 13,434 

 horses. 



The agricultural population in 1897 numbered 

 3,644,614, of whom 207,310 were Europeans, to 

 whom the greater part of the public lands have 

 been sold or granted. The native tribes hold a 

 large proportion of the soil in common. The 

 agricultural area is about 20,000.000 hectares. 

 The production of hard wheat in 1900, from 

 2,767,630 acres, was 734,943 tons; of soft wheat, 



