GERMANY. 



283 



masters; 93 regiments of cavalry, numbering 

 2,433 officers and 66,849 men, with 65,789 horses; 

 825 cavalrymen in special services; 94 regiments 

 of field-artillery, numbering 3,060 officers and 

 65,260 men, with 33,383 horses, forming 494 field- 

 batteries, of which 47 are mounted, each of 4 

 guns, except the batteries attached to infantry 

 divisions, which have the war complement of 6 

 guns; 996 artillery in special services; 18 regi- 

 ments of foot-artillery, numbering 895 officers 

 and 22,977 men, with 43 horses; 137 foot-artil- 

 lery in special services; 26 battalions of pioneers, 

 numbering 595 officers and 15,419 men; 103 pio- 

 neers in special services; 3 railroad regiments, 1 

 railroad battalion, 2 balloon detachments, and 2 

 railroad companies, numbering altogether 251 offi- 

 cers and 6,417 men; 49 railroad troops in special 

 services; 23 battalions of train, numbering 331 

 officers and 8,238 men, with 5,655 horses; 74 men 

 in special train services; 558 officers and 4,957 

 men in special formations; and 2,629 non-regi- 

 mental officers, with 380 men; total, 24,145 officers 

 and 580,023 men, with 104,485 horses. There are 

 besides about 8,000 volunteers for one year, who 

 serve at their own expense. The infantry battal- 

 ion, which contains 544 men in time of peace, is 

 increased to 1,002 in war time by calling out the 

 reserves. The Prussian guards and the regiments 

 garrisoned in Alsace-Lorraine have 686 men in 

 each battalion on the peace footing. In time of 

 peace 3 battalions form a regiment, 2 regiments 

 a brigade, 2 brigades a division, to which are 

 attached 4 squadrons of cavalry, 4 batteries, and 

 1 battalion of rifles or of pioneers; and 2 infan- 

 try divisions, with 1 division of 4 regiments of 

 cavalry, to which 2 batteries of horse-artillery 

 are attached, and 6 field-batteries and 1 mounted 

 battery of artillery form an army corps. There 

 are 23 army corps, each of which is organized 

 and equipped so as to be able to take the field 

 as an independent army. 



The Navy. The German navy in the begin- 

 ning of 1902 comprised 10 first-class battle-ships, 

 5 of the second class, 2 armored cruisers, 8 old 

 battle-ships, 19 coast-defense ironclads, 16 protect- 

 ed cruisers, 7 torpedo-gunboats, 27 destroyers, 

 and 47 first-class and 96 second-class torpedo- 

 boats. There were building 2 battle-ships, 1 ar- 

 mored cruiser, 1 coast-defense vessel, 2 armored 

 cruisers, and 16 destroyers. The Wittelsbach, 

 Mecklenburg, Zahringen, Wettin, and Schwaben, 

 of 12,000 tons, are the newest and largest battle- 

 ships; yet they have no large guns, but only 

 quick-firers, 4 9.4-inch, 18 6-inch, 12 3.4-inch, and 

 numerous smaller ones. Their engines of 13,000 

 horse-power can make 18 knots. Their hulls are 

 protected with 10-inch Krupp armor, and most of 

 their guns are placed in armored batteries amid- 

 ships. T\vo new ships that have been ordered 

 will carry 4 11-inch and 18 6.7-inch guns. The 

 armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich, launched in 1900. 

 having a displacement of 8,868 tons, is protected 

 on the sides with 6-inch armor, carries 2 9.4-inch 

 guns and 10 6-inch quick-firers, the latter placed 

 amidships and protected with 4.6-inch Krupp 

 armor, and is engined for 20 knots with 15.000 

 horse-power. A sister ship under construction 

 will have 8-inch quick-firers in the main battery. 

 The Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse, Kaiser Barba- 

 rossa, and Kaiser Karl der Grosse, launched in 

 1899 and 1900. of 11.180 tons, have llf-inch 

 armor at the water-lino, an armament of 4 9.4- 

 inch Krupp breech-loaders and 12 6-inch, 10 3.4- 

 inch, and 18 small quick-firers, and has engines 

 of 13,000 horse-power capable of making 18 knots. 

 The Freya, Hertha, Victoria Luise, Vineta, and 

 Hansa are protected cruisers of 5,650 tons, with 



4-inch deck armor, a speed of 18} knots with en- 

 gines of 10,000 horse-power, and an armament of 

 2 8.2-inch, 8 6-inch, and 10 3.4 inch quick-firers. 

 The Gazelle, Niobe, Nymphe, Ariadne, Amazone, 

 Medusa, and Thetis, of 2,650 tons, have 2-inch 

 armor decks and carry 10 4-inch quick-firers. The 

 first three, with engines of 6,000 horse-power, can 

 steam 19 knots; the others, with engines of 7,000 

 horse-power, are able to make 21 knots. Others 

 of this class are to be built strong enough, with 

 2,715 tons displacement, to hold engines that can 

 make 24 knots. In German vessels guns are 

 mounted in every available spot, and the aim is 

 to concentrate the heaviest possible fire on the 

 enemy. In the later vessels more attention is 

 paid to gun protection, which is secured by ar- 

 mored casemates. The newer ships carry in their 

 secondary batteries 6.7-inch quick-firing guns of 

 the model adopted in 1901. Concerted action of 

 the torpedo fleet has been studied more than in 

 any other navy and very difficult maneuvers are 

 practised. The Government subsidizes 7 fast 

 liners of the Hamburg- American and North Ger- 

 man Lloyd companies in order that they shall be 

 held in readiness to act as auxiliary cruisers in case 

 of war. The maritime population of the German 

 seaboard is exempt from service in the army, but 

 owes service in the navy. Inducements are held 

 out to capable and experienced sailors to volun- 

 teer; and the navy does not lack recruits of such 

 material. Besides 48,000 German sailors em- 

 ployed in the merchant fleet and 6,000 in the mer- 

 chant service of other countries, there are 26,000 

 fishermen and others available for the navy. 



The naval program of 1900, to be completed by 

 1920, contemplated a fleet of 2 double squadrons, 

 each composed of 16 battle-ships, 8 large cruis- 

 ers, and 24 small cruisers, for service in home 

 waters, in addition to which there should be 8 

 large and 15 small cruisers for service in foreign 

 waters, and a reserve of 4 battle-ships and 4 large 

 and 6 small cruisers ; but owing to* the opposition 

 of the Center the number of vessels for foreign 

 service was reduced to 3 large and 10 small cruis- 

 ers, and the reserve to 4 battle-ships and 3 large 

 and 4 small cruisers. The bill provided that 2 

 battle-ships and 1 large and 3 small cruisers 

 should be begun every year till 1905. In 1902 

 an addition to the law of 1900 was announced, 

 to be laid before the Reichstag in 1904, which 

 will allow for the construction of a greater num- 

 ber of vessels for foreign service and for larger 

 recurrent expenditure in order to put the new 

 ships into commission. 



Commerce and Production. The production 

 of wheat in 1901 from 2,049,160 hectares was 

 3,841,165 metric tons; of rye from 5,954,973 hec- 

 tares, 8,550,659 tons; of barley from 1,670,033 hec- 

 tares, 3,002,182 tons; of oats from 4,122,818 hec- 

 tares, 7,091.930 tons; of potatoes from 3.218.777 

 hectares, 40,585,317 tons; of hay from 5.912.122 

 hectares, 23,116.276 tons. Vineyards covered 119,- 

 249 hectares. The area under hops was 37,191 hec- 

 tares. The number of agricultural holdings in 

 1895 was 5,558,317, covering 43,284,742 hectares, 

 supporting 18,068,663 persons, the number of 

 workers being 8,156,045. The number of horses 

 in Germany on Dec. 1. 1900, was 4,184,099; of 

 cattle, 19.001.106; of sheep, 9,672,143; of hogs, 

 16,758,436. In Prussia there were 2,913,003 

 horses, 10,865,296 cattle, 6,989,430 sheep, and 

 10,954.002 hogs; in Bavaria, 384,869 horses. 

 3,550,089 cattle, 748,470 sheep, and 1,736,761 

 hogs; in Saxony, 166.713 horses, 687,587 cattle, 

 74,518 sheep, and 576.825 hogs; in Alsace-Lor- 

 raine, 142.787 horses, 501,804 cattle. 83,085 sheep, 

 and 440,936 hogs; in Wiirtemberg, 112,129 



