GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



323 



population in 1901 was 41,222, consisting of 

 28,180 males and 13,042 females. The imports in 

 1901 were 34,941,592 rupees by sea and 2,900,994 

 rupees by land, besides 2,461,323 rupees of specie; 

 exports, 28,770,554 rupees by sea and 1,140,755 

 rupees by land, besides 3,643,502 rupees of specie. 

 In 1900 the port was visited by 1,224 steamers, 

 of 2,467,665 tons. The number of local vessels 

 was 1,687, of 52,906 tons. At Perim 648 merchant 

 vessels called. Coffee, gums, hides and skins, 

 piece goods, grain, and tobacco are imported and 

 exported. The local revenue is raised by duties 

 on opium, liquor, and salt. The Political Resi- 

 dent at the head of the administration is subor- 

 dinate to the Governor of Bombay. The island 

 of Socotra, with an area of 1,382 square miles 

 and 12,000 of population, produce gums, dates, 

 butter, and animal products. The Kuria Muria 

 Isles are leased to a guano company. The Bah- 

 rein Islands, about 200 square miles in area, with 

 a population of 80,000, have valuable pearl fish- 

 eries. Dates, reed mats, sailcloth, and donkeys 

 are also exported. The chief part of the trade 

 is with India. The value of imports in 1900 was 

 450,775; exports, 486,142. The tonnage en- 

 tered was 60,307; cleared, 58,619 tons. Exports 

 of pearls were 204,114, a smaller sum than in 

 former years owing to disease among the oysters. 



British North Borneo has an area of 31,106 

 square miles and about 175,000 inhabitants. The 

 territory is exploited by a chartered company. 

 Tembunan, having an area of 500 square miles 

 and 25,000 inhabitants, was occupied in 1899. 

 The lands near the coast have been sold to plant- 

 ers who raise tobacco, pepper, coconuts, Manila 

 hemp, and gambier. The revenue for 1900 was 

 $588,026 in silver; expenditure, $1,386,055, inclu- 

 ding $983,186 of capital expenditure on railroads 

 and public works. The value of imports was 

 $3,336,621; exports, $3,178,929. The exports of 

 tobacco were 8,625 bales, valued at 92,000. 

 Other exports are timber, trepang, pearls, gutta- 

 percha, sago, coconuts, rattan, edible birds'-nests, 

 and various sea and jungle products. Labuan 

 has been under the jurisdiction of the British 

 North Borneo Company since 1889. The Gov- 

 ernor of British Borneo is Edward Woodford 

 Birch. Brunei is a native state in Borneo under 

 British protection, having an area of 15,000 

 square miles and 45,000 population. Sago is the 

 chief exportable product. Sarawak, another na- 

 tive state, has an area of 50,000 square miles and 

 600,000 population. The Rajah is Sir Charles 

 Johnson Brooke, born June 3, 1829, nephew of 

 the founder of the state, an Englishman who ob- 

 tained the cession of territory from the Sultan of 

 Brunei. Much of the land has been sold to plant- 

 ers who raise the same products as in North Bor- 

 neo. There are large beds of coal and deposits 

 of gold, silver, diamonds, quicksilver, and anti- 

 mony. The value of imports in 1900 was $B,159,- 

 125; exports, $6,865,861; revenue, $915,966; ex- 

 penditure, $901,172. A railroad from Jesselton, 

 on the west coast, will be carried across the is- 

 land, and has been completed for 92 miles. In 

 eight years, during which the tobacco culture 

 has been developed, the revenue has trebled and 

 imports and exports have kept pace. In June, 

 1902, an expedition of 12,000 men which went up 

 the Batang Lupar river to punish a tribe of Dyak 

 head-hunters had to return because cholera sud- 

 denly broke out and caused 2,000 deaths in four 

 days. 



Ceylon has a Legislative Council of 9 official 

 members and 8 representing the different races 

 and classes. The Governor is Sir Joseph West 

 Ridgeway. The area of the island is 25,333 



square miles. The population on March 1, 1901, 

 was 3,576,990, showing an increase of 1.87 per 

 cent. per. annum since 1891, consisting of 9,583 

 Europeans, 23,312 Burghers, 2,334,817 Singhalese, 

 952,237 Tamils, 224,719 Moors, 11,207 Malays, 

 and 21,115 others, including 4,913 Boer prisoners, 

 3,215 Veddahs, and a few Egyptian exiles. The 

 Tamil immigrants employed on the tea planta- 

 tions numbered 441,523, an increase of 68.4 per 

 cent, in ten years. The population of Colombo, 

 the capital and chief port, was 158,093. The 

 revenue in 1900 was 27,325,930 rupees; expendi- 

 ture, 25,321,988 rupees, exclusive of 3,626,939 ru- 

 pees expended from the surplus on railroads. 

 The revenue from customs was 7,228,293 rupees; 

 from land sales, 818,796 rupees; from liquor 

 licenses, 3,233,574 rupees; from stamps, 2,037,- 

 052 rupees; from Government timber and 

 salt, 1,485,506 rupees; from port dues, 1,319,378 

 rupees; from railroads, 8,239,679 rupees. The 

 chief expenses were 6,049,057 rupees for civil es- 

 tablishments; 2,366,350 rupees of military ex- 

 penditure, including tne cost of the volunteer 

 force and the fortifications at Colombo, of which 

 the Imperial Government -paid 1,887,768 rupees; 

 pensions and retiring allowances, 1,147,878 ru- 

 pees; interest on loans, 2,802,422 rupees; expend- 

 iture on public works, 3,493,902 rupees. The pub- 

 lic debt on Jan. 1, 1901, amounted to 3,419,451 

 sterling and 3,239,585 rupees, all of it incurred 

 for public works, especially the railroads, the Co- 

 lombo water-works, and the breakwater. Besides 

 the fortifications at Colombo, the Imperial Gov- 

 ernment maintains a naval harbor at Trincoma- 

 lee, the headquarters of the fleet on this station. 

 The colony has the erection of modern fortifica- 

 tions at Colombo and the Imperial Government 

 has furnished the guns. The British garrison 

 numbers 2,982 men, and for its maintenance the 

 colony pays the Imperial Government 1,845,095 

 rupees a year. The volunteer force numbers 2,112, 

 costing 229,614 rupees in 1900. The total value 

 of imports in 1900 was 122,339,758 rupees; ex- 

 ports, 108,926,257 rupees. The exports of tea 

 were 53,735,257 rupees in value; of plumbago, 

 9,792,495 rupees; of coconut products, 16,438,308 

 rupees; of cacao, 1,651,146 rupees; of areca-nuts, 

 1,597,755 rupees; of coffee, 593,634 rupees; of cin- 

 chona, 64,976 rupees. The exports of tea were 

 129,661,908 pounds in 1899, having grown from 

 2,392,975 pounds in 1884. The export of cacao 

 in 1899 was 42,527 hundredweight, having in- 

 creased nearly sixfold since 1885. Coffee exports 

 declined from 824,509 hundredweight in 1879 to 

 12,692 hundredweight in 1898 owing to disease 

 among the plants. When the British import duty 

 on tea was raised in 1900 from 4d. to 6d. a pound 

 the principal market for Ceylon tea, which was 

 selling at an average price of 8d., was contracted 

 and the export price declined. The area under 

 tea in 1902, owing to this, was 6,000 aci'es 

 less than in the preceding year, while the acre- 

 age of rubber, cinchona, cardamoms, and cacao 

 increased correspondingly. The tea-crop of 1902 

 was abundant. The tonnage entered and cleared 

 during 1900 was 8,487,940. The registered ship- 

 ping on Jan. 1, 1901, consisted of 185 sailing ves- 

 sels, of 13,830 tons, and 6 steamers, of 1,001 tons. 

 The railroads completed in 1900 had a length 

 of 297 miles, and 215 miles more were projected. 

 There were 1.438 miles of telegraph and 205 miles 

 of telephone lines. Tributary to the Ceylon Gov- 

 ernment are the Maldive Islands, having a popu- 

 lation of 30,000 Mussulmans who are enterprising 

 traders and sailors governed by a hereditary Sul- 

 tan. The breakwaters at Colombo will make that 

 port a harbor of refuge between Bombay and 



