324: 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



Calcutta, one of the largest artificial harbors in 

 the world, with a slipway, a graving-dock, and a 

 coal depot. About 3,300 workmen are employed 

 on these works. The trade of the island is thri- 

 ving, and a further extension of the harbor is con- 

 templated. Great progress has been made in 

 railroads and irrigation works. Pearl fishing has 

 been extended by the Government. Exploration 

 for gold was started by mining experts among 

 the 5,000 Boer prisoners under Government au- 

 spices. All these prisoners, including some Amer- 

 icans, were returned to their o\vii countries before 

 the end of 1902. 



The Straits Settlements comprise Singapore, Pe- 

 nang, and Malacca. The island of Singapore has 

 an area of 206 square miles. The island of Pe- 

 nang has an area of 107 square miles. Province 

 \\Yllesley, on the Malay peninsula, the Din- 

 dings, which belong to Penang, and Malacca, on 

 the western coast, make the total area of the 

 Straits Settlements 1,472 square miles. The pop- 

 ulation of Singapore in 1901 was 228,555, com- 

 prising 2,619 male and 1,205 female Europeans 

 and Americans, 2,015 male and 2,015 female Eu- 

 rasians, and 166,241 male and 54,370 female 

 Asiatics; the population of Penang was 248,207, 

 comprising 709 male and 451 female Europeans, 

 929 male and 1,016 female Eurasians, and 155,169 

 male and 89,933 female Asiatics; the population 

 of Malacca was 95,487, comprising 54 male and 20 

 female Europeans and Americans, 754 male and 

 844 female Eurasians, and 50,661 male and 43,154 

 female Asiatics; total population of the Straits 

 Settlements, 572,249, comprising 3,382 male and 

 1,676 female Europeans and Americans, 3,698 

 male and 3,965 female Eurasians, and 372,071 male 

 and 187,457 female Asiatics. The Asiatic popula- 

 tion included 215,058 Malays, 281,933 Chinese, and 

 57,150 British Indians. The births recorded in 

 Singapore in 1900 were 4,280, and deaths 9,785; 

 in Penang, 2,377 births and 5,685 deaths; in the 

 Dindings, 112 births and 125 deaths; in Province 

 Wellesley, 3,969 births and 3,662 deaths; in Ma- 

 lacca, 4,076 births and 3,128 deaths. In 1900 the 

 number of Chinese immigrants who arrived in 

 the colony was 200,947; of Indian immigrants, 

 35,351, of whom 7,615 were indentured laborers; 

 returned to India, 10,995. The acting Governor 

 in 1902 was Sir F. A. Swettenham. The Gov- 

 ernor of the Straits Settlements is also High 

 Commissioner for the Federated Malay States and 

 High Commissioner and Consul-General for Bor- 

 neo. There is a Legislative Council of 9 official 

 members, 5 other members appointed by the Gov- 

 ernor, and 2 members representing the Chambers 

 of Commerce in Singapore and Penang. The 

 revenue of the colony in 1900 was $5,386.557, and 

 expenditure $6,030,744. Of the revenue $3,317,698 

 came from licenses, $449,898 from stamps, $235,- 

 405 from the post-office, $199,552 from port dues, 

 and $288,540 from land. Of the expenditure 

 $1,775,771 went for salaries, $1,814,621 for public 

 works. $110,675 for education, $131,109 for police, 

 $90,801 for the marine department, $10,383 for 

 transport, and $956,051 for military expenses. Of 

 the total revenue the sum of $3,244.090 was col- 

 lected in Singapore, $1.736,113 in Penang, and 

 $406,354 in Malacca. The debts of the colony on 

 Jan. 1, 1901. were $8,085.290, and the assets were 

 valued at $10,183,163. There is an armed police 

 of 38 officers and 1,188 men. There is a volun- 

 teer artillery battery numbering 111 officers and 

 men. and volunteer rifle companies of 150 men 

 have been formed in Singapore and Penang. The 

 newly constructed harbor at Singapore is defend- 



1 by modern forts built entirely at the cost of 

 the colony, the expenditure having been 100,000. 



The Imperial Government furnished the guns and 

 maintains a garrison of 1 battalion of infantry, 

 2 batteries of artillery, engineers, submarine 

 miners, etc. The value of imports in 1900 was 

 $314,089,860, of which $32,890,847 came from 

 Great Britain, $99,063,660 from British colonies, 

 and $182,135,353 from other countries. The value 

 of exports was $262,617,345, of which $60,402,050 

 went to Great Britain, $33,778,914 to British col- 

 onies, and $168,436,375 to other countries. Of 

 the imports, $251,709,000 went to Singapore, $71,- 

 220,412 to Penang, and $2,322,036 to Malacca, and 

 of the exports, Singapore shipped $205,534,527, 

 Penang $66,133,165, and Malacca $2,787,128. The 

 imports of rice were $25,101,160; of opium, $15,- 

 496,401; of cotton goods, $14,789,301; of coal, 

 $7,979,070; of fish, $6,756,731; of tobacco, $4,380,- 

 741 ; of petroleum, $4,365,130. The exports of tin 

 were $60,767,602; of gums, $19,135,903; of spices, 

 $14,526,785; of rattan, $6,780,206; of tapioca and 

 sago, $6,779,564; of gambier, $6,681,136; of copra, 

 $4,574,193. The number of vessels entered in 

 1900 was 8,720, of 7,238,185 tons, besides 16,855 

 native vessels, of 721,359 tons; the number 

 cleared was 8,722, of 7,231,220 tons, and 17,986 

 native vessels, of 724,189 tons. 



The Federated Malay States are under British 

 protection. Sir F. A. Swettenham has been 

 Resident-General since 1896. British residents 

 and other officials have directed affairs in Perak, 

 Selangor, and Sungei Ujong since 1874. The Brit- 

 ish officials and the superior native authorities 

 form in each state a state council which has su- 

 preme control. Pahang was taken under British 

 protection in 1887. In 1889 the states on the 

 frontier of- Malacca were confederated under the 

 name of Negri Sembilan, to which was joined 

 Sungei Ujong in 1895. When a Resident-General 

 for the four protected states was appointed the 

 states agreed to furnish troops for service in 

 the colony in case of war between Great Britain 

 and any other nation. Perak, with an area of 

 10,000 square miles, had in 1901 a population of 

 328,801, composed of 243,022 males and 85.779 

 females. Selangor, which has an area of 3,500 

 square miles, had 167,890 inhabitants, 13n.'.)77 

 males and 31,916 females. Negri Sembilan. hav- 

 ing an area of 3,000 square miles, had a popula- 

 tion of 96,028, divided into 64.565 males and 

 31,463 females. The area of Pahang is 10.000 

 square miles, and the population was 83,419, of 

 whom 47,749 were males and 35,670 females. The 

 total population was 676,138, comprising 1.361 

 Europeans, 1,531 Eurasians, 313,763 Malays, 303.- 

 364 Chinese, and 52,501 East Indians. The mili- 

 tary force, called the Malay States guides, lias 

 12 European officers and a strength of 632 men. 

 There is a police force of 1,970 men officered by 

 39 Europeans. The revenue of Perak in 1900 \\as 

 $7,636.126, and expenditure $6,144,744; the reve- 

 nue of Selangor was $6,303,165, and expenditure 

 $4,944,160; the revenue of Negri Sembilan was 

 $1,251,366. and expenditure $1,009.318; the reve- 

 nue of Pahang was $419,150, and expenditure 

 $630.678; total revenue of the Federated Stal.-. 

 $15.609,807; total expenditure. $12,728,900. Of 

 the revenue, $7,050,382 came from the duty on 

 tin, $2,092,420 from railroads, $3,079.755 from li- 

 censes, $712,898 from land, and $191.52.1 from 

 posts and telegraphs. Of the expenditure--. 

 $1.971.971 went for emoluments, $4,694.500 for 

 railroads, and about $2.800,000 for public works. 

 Negri Sembilan has a debt of $39.452. Pahang one 

 of $3,643.271. The British Government proposed to 

 loan 500,000 to the federation in 1899 for rail- 

 road construction, but the redundant revenue has 

 provided all the money needed. The exportation 



