330 



HAYTI. 



blacks and the rest, with few exceptions, are 

 nmlattoes. 



Finances. The revenue for 1901 was esti- 

 mated at $4,198,337 in paper and $2,536,100 in 

 cold. The estimated expenditure was $4,200,264 

 in paper and $:i.f>3;.2:.'i; in gold, of which $24,124 

 in paper and $79,159 in gold were for the Minis- 

 try of Foreign Affairs, $514,932 in paper and 

 $10,622 in gold for the Ministry of Finance and 

 Commerce, $1,325,870 in paper and $12,500 in gold 

 for the Ministry of the Interior, $216,278 in 

 paper and $60,400 in gold for the Ministry of 

 Public Works, $222,294 in paper and $5,000 in 

 gold for the Ministry of Agriculture, $600,769 in 

 paper and $4,885 in gold for the Ministry of Pub- 

 lic Instruction, $393,000 in paper for the Minis- 

 try of Justice, $31,352 in paper and $57,365 in 

 gold for the Ministry of Worship, $66,815 in 

 paper and $69,572 in gold for the National Bank, 

 and $47,819 in paper and $2,187,143 in gold for 

 the public debt. The debt on Jan. 1, 1901, con- 

 sisted of $12,960,642 of 5- and 6-per-cent. exter- 

 nal gold bonds and $9,372,183 of currency and 

 $6,115,091 of gold internal bonds, part of which 

 are secured on the export duty on coffee. There 

 were $3,749.000 of paper money in circulation in 

 1899 and $3,500,000 of silver, and there were be- 

 lieved to be about $1,200,000 of American gold. 



The Army and Navy. There is a Govern- 

 ment guard of 650 men, consisting of 1 battalion 

 of artillery, 1 battalion of rifles, 1 regiment of in- 

 fantry, and 1 squadron of cavalry. The troops 

 of the line number 6,178, consisting of 4 battal- 

 ions of artillery, 6 regiments of infantry, and 46 

 companies of gendarmes. 



The navy in 1901 comprised 4 small cruisers 

 and 2 gunboats. The gunboat CrSte-a-Pierrot, of 

 D40 tons, built in England in 1895, was capable 

 of a speed of 15J knots and was armed with 1 

 6.3-inch, 1 4.7-inch, 4 4-inch, and 6 smaller rapid- 

 fire guns. The Capois la Mort was built in 

 France in 1893. The Toussaint 1'Ouverture was 

 built in 1886; the Dessalines, of 1,200 tons, in 

 1883. The gunboat 22 me Decembre* has a dis- 

 placement of 900 tons. The 1804 and St.-Michel 

 are much smaller'. 



Commerce and Production. The value of 

 imports in 1900 was estimated at $7,180,000, and 

 that of exports at $14,000,000, compared with 

 .$4,312,000 for imports and f $11,800,000 for exports 

 in 1899. The exportation of coffee reached 

 72,122,781 pounds in 1900; cacao, 4,656,997 

 pounds; logwood, 116,884,700 pounds; cotton, 

 2,260,000 pounds; hides, 374,800 pounds; copper, 

 41,500 pounds. Logwood roots, cabinet woods, 

 honey, goatskins, and beeswax are exported. 

 Of the imports in 1899 the value of $2,633,192 

 came from the United States, $490,510 from 

 France, $325,411 from Great Britain, and $272,- 

 906 from Germany. Mining copper is an enter- 

 prise not long established. Concessions of coal- 

 and iron-mines have been granted. Gold, silver, 

 tin, antimony, nickel, kaolin, and gypsum are 

 found. The coffee trade is retarded and the ex- 

 portation of cattle has been checked by the im- 

 position of heavy export duties. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 and cleared" at Port-au-Prince during 1900 was 

 183, of 285,092 tons; at Les Cayes, 161, of 185,725 

 tons; at Cape Haitien, 162, of'l94,360 tons. 



Railroads. Only 10 miles of railroad have 

 been built in Hayti, running from Cape Haitien 

 in the direction of Grande Riviere, 15 miles dis- 

 tant. Branches will connect the port also with 

 Ouanaminte, 35 miles, and Limbe. 19 miles. A 

 concession was granted in 1900 for a railroad 

 from Port-au-Prince to Salt Lake, 50 miles, which 



will be the first section of a line connecting the 

 Haytian capital with Santo Domingo, the capital 

 of he Dominican Republic. 



Revolutionary Disturbances. The election 

 of a President of Hayti was not possible without 

 a revolutionary struggle. The National Assem- 

 bly had declared that Gen. Tiresias Simon Sam's 

 term would not expire till May, 1903. The rival 

 politicians held the view that his powers ended 

 at the close of the regular term in May, 1902. 

 Toward the end of March an expedition landed 

 on the south coast, captured Barahona after a 

 fight, marched inland when a Government gun- 

 boat bombarded and recaptured the town, and 

 began to raise a revolutionary army. Congress 

 decreed martial law and the suspension of con- 

 stitutional guarantees throughout the republic. 

 On May 9 President Sam resigned and took 

 refuge on a French steamer. On May 12 the 

 National Assembly met to choose his successor. 

 The contest between Antfinor Firmin, Maxi Mon- 

 plaisir, candidate of the National party of the 

 negroes, and other aspirants who still concealed 

 their intentions could not be peacefully decided. 

 As soon as Congress was opened one Deputy 

 called for the removal of the troops in the hall, 

 others shouted that Congress had not the confi- 

 dence of the people and raised a cry for revolu- 

 tion, in which the soldiers joined. All then 

 rushed to their arms and fought in the streets. 

 A national election was announced, to take place 

 on June 26. Meanwhile a Provisional Gov- 

 ernment was proclaimed, composed as follows: 

 Provisional President, ex-President Boisrond 

 Canal; Minister of War, Gen. Alexis Nord; 

 Minister o Foreign Affairs, M. Jeremis; Minis- 

 ter of Finance, M. Deunery; Minister of Agri- 

 culture, M. C6sarion; Minister of the Interior, 

 M. Saint-Foix Colin; Minister of Justice, M. La- 

 lannes. Committees of safety were formed in 

 every town to preserve order. Gen. Firmin with 

 an army raised in the north marched upon Port- 

 au-Prince expecting the adherence of the Provi- 

 sional Government and the 4,000 troops, under 

 Gen. Alexis Nord. The latter, however, trans- 

 ferred his allegiance to the exiled Calisthene 

 Fouchard, who with another expedition from 

 Kingston, Jamaica, landed at Port-au-Prince on 

 May 17. Admiral Killick declared for Gen. Fir- 

 min and departed for the north with the two ves- 

 sels that constituted the effective navy of the 

 republic. The Firminist army under Gen. Albert 

 Salnave marched upon Cape Haitien, where the 

 gunboat Cr&te-a-Pierrot landed marines. Gen. 

 Nord attempted to cut off the Firminist troops 

 at Limbe, but was defeated by them, losing his 

 large guns and many of his soldiers, killed and 

 taken prisoners. At various points fights oc- 

 curred between partizans of the rival candidates. 

 The officials of Cape Haitien refused to hand over 

 the town to Admiral Killick, whereupon he 

 threatened bombardment. Adherents of the rival 

 candidates fought in the streets. The foreign con- 

 suls protested against bombardment. Gen. Alexis 

 Nord with his troops occupied the city, from 

 which Gen. Firmin attempted to dislodge him. 

 Admiral Killick landed troops and machine-guns 

 on June 29, but they returned to the ships with 

 the paitizans of Gen. Firmin after an unsuccess- 

 ful engagement. The United States gunboat Ma- 

 chias was the only foreign war-vessel there. 

 Commander McCrea protested against bombard- 

 ment and declared he would land sailors, if neces- 

 sary, to protect American or other foreign in- 

 terests if they were threatened. Admiral Killick 

 fired some shots without effect, and then desisted. 

 The Provisional Government was recognized by 



