HAYTI. 



HONDURAS. 



331 



the foreign representatives, but it was powerless 

 to assert its authority in any of the towns. The 

 congressional elections, wherever an attempt was 

 made to hold them, ended in disorder and blood- 

 shed. In the Artabonite provinces Gen. Firmin 

 was proclaimed President, and with his army he 

 marched once more on Port-au-Prince, while Ad- 

 miral Killick again threatened to bombard Cape 

 Haitien. The Provisional Government declared 

 Admiral Killick a pirate and invited foreign ves- 

 sels to capture him. Soon afterward the Pro- 

 visional Government dissolved, its authority over 

 the country and cohesion among its members hav- 

 ing vanished. Civil war was declared throughout 

 the country. The Provisional Government was 

 ifterward reconstituted, some of its fo'rmer 

 lembers having taken to flight. Gen. Salnave 

 rith Firminist troops advanced to attack Cape 

 laitien and again repulsed Gen. Alexis Nord, 

 who marched out to meet him. Commander 

 McCrea arrived with the Machias, which had 

 been at Colon. He warned Admiral Killick 

 .against bombarding without notice. Coal for the 

 Crete-a-Pierrot was seized by the Provisional 

 Government at Port-au-Prince. Admiral Killick 

 declared a blockade at Cape Haitien, but he did 

 not remain there constantly with his vessel, and 

 Commander McCrea and the foreign consuls re- 

 ised to recognize a blockade. The American 

 laval commander, who was charged with the 

 protection of all European interests as well as 

 those of the United States, informed Admiral 

 Lillick that the blockade was not effective and 

 earned him against searching any foreign vessel. 

 Petit Goave was entirely destroyed on Aug. 8, 

 having been set on fire by Gen. Chicoye, the 

 evolutionary commander, before he retreated. 

 Aug. 28 Gen. Nord fought another hard bat- 

 tle for the defense of Cape Haitien, this time with 

 len. Jean Jumeau, another Firminist commander. 

 Che German merchant steamer Marcomannia was 

 topped at the entrance of Cape Haitien harbor by 

 the Crete-a-Pierrot, and arms and ammunition 

 for Gen. Nord were confiscated. The German 

 cruiser Panther arrived from Port-au-Prince, pur- 

 sued the Haytien vessel on Sept. 5 to Gonai'ves, 

 id there signaled to her commander to strike 

 :iis flag and abandon the ship. This was done, 

 but a powder-magazine exploded, and Com- 

 mander Eckermann, instead of capturing the ves- 

 sel, which was now burning, sank her by firing 

 a shell into the other powder-magazine. Admiral 

 Killick had fired the after magazine and went 

 down with his ship. Gen. Firmin formed a Pro- 

 visional Government at Gonai'ves and appointed 

 a Cabinet. Gen. Jumeau, his position at St.- 

 Michel becoming untenable after he lost a small 

 battle, burned the place to prevent it from fall- 

 ing into the hands of the Government. The Gov- 

 ernment troops threatened Gonai'ves and St. 

 Marc, but afterward retired, and Gen. Jumeau 

 collected his forces and advanced toward Port- 

 au-Prince. The representatives elected to the 

 National Assembly met there and organized. 

 Those whose credentials were accepted showed 

 a majority in favor of the election of Seneque 

 Pierre to the presidency, and his opponents en- 

 deavored to defeat him by absenting themselves, 

 so that there was no quorum for the election 

 of Senators. Exiled and proscribed persons de- 

 parted on every foreign steamer. The delay in 

 the election of a President was approved by men 

 of all parties, who wished to await the result of 

 the impending battle between the forces of Gen. 

 Alexis Nord and Gen. Jumeau, who confronted 

 each other again, each with about 3,000 men. 

 They met at Limbe, and after a battle lasting 



two days, in which both sides lost heavily, Gen. 

 Nord retreated. The Provisional Government de- 

 clared the ports of Gonaives, St. Marc, and Port- 

 de-Paix, held by the Firminists, closed, but this 

 the United States Government would not allow 

 in the absence of a blockade. Gen. Chicoye was 

 taken and executed for burning Petit Goave, 

 causing the death of numerous non-combatants. 

 On Sept. 17 Gen. Nord advanced on Gen. Ju- 

 meau's position at Limbe, and was again forced 

 to retire with loss. He returned in greater force 

 oh Sept. 27, defeated the Firminists, and captured 

 the town. In October the Government forces, 

 with the aid of an armed steamer, the Nouvelle 

 Voldrogue, attacked the Firminists at Montrouis, 

 near St. Marc, but were repelled and their vessel 

 was sunk. Gen. Saint-Foix Colin called the peo- 

 ple of Port-au-Prince to arms and advanced with 

 a stronger force for a second attack. St. Marc 

 capitulated on Oct. 14, and Gen. Firmin with 250 

 of his followers took refuge on a German steamer. 

 Gonaives surrendered on Oct. 17, without fighting, 

 on terms arranged by the mediation of the for- 

 eign consuls. American marines from the Cin- 

 cinnati and French and German marines were at 

 Gonaives, all the Firminist officials having fled, 

 when the Government troops entered on Oct. 18. 

 Gen. Alexis Nord, who was now a strong can- 

 didate for the presidency, remaining at St. Marc 

 with the main body of the army, sent a demand 

 to Port-au-Prince for the expulsion of all Fir- 

 minist Deputies from Congress. The Fouchard- 

 ists who returned to the capital from the cam- 

 paign came into collision with the authorities. 

 A quorum of Congress could not be brought 

 together to take any action. Deetjen Senequist, 

 president of the Chamber, and Calisthene Fou- 

 chard had many partizans to urge their claims, 

 other candidates who were before prominent had 

 few, and the adherents of Gen. Alexis Nord were 

 the most numerous and powerful. On Dec. 14 

 Gen. Nord entered the capital at the head of his 

 army and was acclaimed by the people. 



HOLLAND. (See NETHEBLANDS.) 



HONDURAS, a republic of Central America, 

 The Congress is a single chamber of 45 members, 

 elected for four years by universal adult male 

 suffrage. The President of the republic is elected 

 likewise by the direct vote of the nation for four 

 years. The President for the term beginning Feb. 

 1, 1899, is Gen. Terencio Sierra. The Vice-Presi- 

 dent is Gen. Jose M. Reina. The ministry was 

 composed in 1902 of the following members: Min- 

 ister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. C. Bonilla; Minister 

 of Public Works, F. Altschul; Minister of Justice 

 and Public Instruction, Dr. Juan A. Arias ; acting 

 Minister of the Interior, Dr. Bonilla; Minister of 

 Finance, D. Fortin; Minister of War. Gen. M. 

 Rosales. 



Area and Population. The area is estimated 

 at 46,250 square miles. The population in 1900 

 was estimated at 587,500, exclusive of uncivilized 

 Indians. The mass of the population is of the 

 Indian race. The few whites are descendants of 

 Spanish settlers. Tegucigalpa, the capital, has 

 12,000 inhabitants. 



Finances. The revenue in 1900 was $2,842,005 

 in silver; expenditure, $2,629,815. The revenue 

 for 1901 was estimated at $2,423,000, and expendi- 

 ture $2,416.824; for 1902, revenue and expendi- 

 ture at $2,629,050. Revenue from customs in 1902 

 was estimated at $1,100,000; from the spirit mon- 

 opoly, $800,000. Expenditure for the army was 

 estimated at $953,473; for public works. $433,- 

 900; for the Interior Department, $432,742. 



A loan of 78.800 sterling was contracted at 

 5 per cent, in 1867, and one of 900,700 at 10 



