332 



INDIA. 



per cent, interest, in 1869 a loan of 2,176,570 

 at 6 per cent., and in 1870 one of 2,242,500 at 

 10 per cent.; total capital, 5,398.570, on which 

 no interest has been paid since 1872, so that the 

 arrears amounted on June 30, 1901, to 13,363,- 

 052. The internal debt on June 30, 1900, amount- 

 ed to $1,800,812 in silver. 



Commerce and Production. The most prof- 

 itable industry is growing bananas in the coast 

 region for export to the L nited States. Tobacco, 

 sugar, and coffee are cultivated; indigo, rice, and 

 wheat also on a limited scale, and corn exten- 

 -ivt-lv. Large numbers of cattle are reared, and 

 in a small way dairying is carried on. The plait- 

 ing of hats is a common occupation. The agri- 

 cultural possibilities of the country are great, but 

 development is slow on account of the scarcity 

 of good laborers. For the same reason and for 

 lack of transportation there is little mining en- 

 terprise, although gold, platinum, silver, copper, 

 lead, zinc, antimony, nickel, and iron are found 



in many places. Coal deposits have also been, 

 discovered. The value of imports in the year end- 

 ing June 30, 1900, was $1,074,050, and that of 

 exports 2,635,600. The exports of metals were 

 $803,920; bananas, $720,680; cattle, $571,980; 

 wood, $146,854; coffee, $45,510. The United 

 States furnished 72 per cent, of the imports and 

 took 64 per cent, of the exports. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 railroad from Puerto Cortez to La Pimienta, 60 

 miles, was built for the Government by English 

 contractors who undertook to carry the line from 

 ocean to ocean, but stopped when the Govern- 

 ment could raise no more money. A railroad 

 through the banana districts from Omoa ta 

 Truxillo has been contracted for. 



There were 337,589 domestic and 200,548 for- 

 eign letters despatched in 1898. The length of 

 telegraph-wire in 1899 was 2,730 miles. 



HUSBANDRY, PATBONS OF. (See 

 GRANGE, NATIONAL.) 



IDAHO. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 ILLINOIS. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 INDIA, an empire in southern Asia under the 

 sovereignty of the King of Great Britain and Ire- 

 land, who bears the title of Emperor of India, 

 on the basis of a personal union. The empire is 

 governed under, general acts of the British Parlia- 

 ment by a Governor-General in consultation with 

 and under instructions from the Secretary of 

 State for India, a member of the British Cabinet. 

 The Governor-General, popularly called the Vice- 

 roy, is advised by his Council, containing 5 

 ordinary members appointed for five years. The 

 commander-in-chief of the forces is a member ex 

 fifficti). The members of the Governor-General's 

 Council and 16 additional members, appointed by 

 the Governor-General on the recommendation of 

 certain public bodies, form the Legislative Coun- 

 cil, which has power to make laws, subject to the 

 approval of the Governor-General and to the veto 

 of the British Government, for all persons in 

 British India, for British subjects in native states, 

 and for native Indian subjects of the King in 

 foreign countries. British India is divided for 

 purposes of administration into the presidencies 

 of Madras and Bombay, each of which has a 

 governor at the head of the local provincial ad- 

 ministration ; the lieutenant-governorships of 

 Bengal, the Northwest Provinces and Oudh, the 

 Punjab, and Burma; and the chief-commissioner- 

 ships of Assam and the Central Provinces. Coorg, 

 Ajmere and Merwara, British Baluchistan, and 

 the Andaman Islands are minor chief-commission- 

 erships. Each Governor and Lieutenant-Governor 

 has his Legislative Council. The 9 provinces are 

 subdivided into about 250 districts, each in charge 

 of a collector-magistrate or deputy commissioner. 

 These officers, responsible to the governor of the 

 province, in their districts have absolute author- 

 ity, and in many the district magistrate's execu- 

 tive and judicial functions are united. The new 

 Northwestern Frontier province was established 

 on Nov. 9, 1901, with Peshawur as the seat of the 

 administration. It embraces Peshawur, Kohat, 

 Bannu, and Dera Ismail, districts of the Punjab 

 lying beyond the Indus, with the whole of the 

 Hazura district and the agenc-ios of Swat, Chitral, 

 the Khaiber and Kurram passes, Tochi, and Wana, 

 and is under the administration of an agent to 

 the Governor-General, Lieut.-Col. H. A. Deane. 



The Governor-General of India is George Na- 

 thaniel Curzon, eldest son of the Earl of Scarsdale, 

 born Jan. 11, 1859, created Baron Curzon of 

 Kedleston on his appointment to the governor- 

 generalship in September, 1898. The members of 

 the Governor-General's Council in th$ beginning 

 of 1902 were as follow: Major-Gen. Sir R. E. 

 Elles, Sir C. M. Rivaz, Sir Edward Fitzgerald 

 Law, Thoirias Raleigh, A. T. Arundel, and D. Ib- 

 betson. The Governor of Madras was Lord Ampt- 

 hill; Governor of Bombay, Lord Northcote; Lieu- 

 tenant-Governor of Bengal, Sir J. Woodburn ; 

 Lieutenant-Governor of the Northwest Provinces 

 and Chief Commissioner of Oudh, Sir J. J. D. La 

 Touche; Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab, Sir 

 C. M. Rivaz; Lieutenant-Governor of Burma, Sir 

 F. W. R. Fryer. 



Enclosed in British territory or on the borders 

 are native states w-hose rulers are controlled by 

 the Indian Government through residents or 

 political agents. The degree of interference in 

 their internal affairs varies, but no chief of a 

 native state is permitted to enter into diplomatic 

 relations with other chiefs or with foreign nations 

 or make war or to maintain a military force ex- 

 ceeding a specified limit; nor can any European 

 reside at his court without the permission of the 

 Indian Government ; and in cases of misgovern- 

 ment the Indian Government exercises the right 

 of dethroning the native ruler. An annual tribute 

 is paid by some of the native chiefs, all of whom 

 are nominally tributary, though in many cases 

 no payment is required. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 British provinces and their population, according 

 to the preliminary returns of the census of March 

 31, 1901, are given in the table on page 333. 



The Berars are a native state under British 

 administration provisionally. The total popula- 

 tion consisted of 117,440,05*2 males and 113,644,- 

 480 females. 



The area of the native states, groups of states 

 under a political agent, and their population ac- 

 cording to the preliminary census reports are 

 given on page 333. 



Of the states of Rajputana, Jodhpur. with an 

 area or 34.963 square miles, has 4,937.220 in- 

 habitants: Bikaner, area 22,340 square miles, has 

 2,278.273; Udaipur, area 12,753 square miles, has 

 3,750,000; Jaipur and feudatories, area 15,579 



