346 



ITALY. 



participating in its deliberations. That the rela- 

 tions between the American republics have been 

 improved as a result, can not be doubted, as is 

 clearly demonstrated by the change of sentiment 

 on the part of the Latin-American countries and 

 their representatives since the convening of the 

 first conference twelve years ago. The countries 

 then looked upon the project of an international 

 conference, coming from the United States, with 

 distrust and suspicion, believing that it was a 

 scheme of the United States to extend its expan- 

 sion over those countries; but the delegates re- 

 turned to their homes fully satisfied that the 

 Tinted States was inspired only by a desire for 

 th.-ir safety and well-being. At the second con- 

 ference, instead of the United States being looked 

 upon with distrust, just the reverse happened, the 

 tendency of all the countries being to regard our 

 country as the big brother who should take the 

 lead in their various projects and deliberations, 

 and guide them with a benevolent and protect- 

 ing hand. The intimate daily association for 

 nearly four months of representative men from 

 every American republic tended toward this 

 result, and the careful way in which the 

 United States delegates avoided meddling with, 

 or giving any opinion upon the political dif- 

 ferences between the other states, convinced 

 them of our determined policy that they 

 maintain their political autonomy, and our de- 

 sire, above all, for their material prosperity. 

 Some of the projects and resolutions are doomed 

 to remain in the air, owing to a little want of 

 foresight on the part of their projectors, who 

 failed to put them in the hands of some perma- 

 nent committee or board to attend to the details 

 of carrying them out, as was done with the pro- 

 posed coffee congress, the custom-house congress, 

 and the congress of sanitation, ft was recognized, 

 however, that the action of the conference on 

 many matters could not be final, and that it 

 ought to be followed up by further action at a 

 subsequent congress, and consequently it was de- 

 cided that not more than five years should in- 

 tervene between the adjournment of this and the 

 meeting of a third, unless it should be found, at 

 the expiration of five years, that a postponement 

 is desirable. The resolution passed to this effect 

 specified that the congress should meet at a place 

 to be selected by the Secretary of State of the 

 United States and the diplomatic representatives 

 in Washington, who should prepare the program 

 and arrange details for the meeting. 

 IOWA. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 ITALY, a kingdom in southern Europe. The 



11, 1869, only son of Umberto I and Queen Mar- 

 gherita, daughter of Prince Ferdinando of Savoy. 

 He succeeded to the throne in consequence of the 

 assassination of his father on July 29, 1900, mar- 

 ried on Oct. 26, 1896, Princess Helena, daughter 

 of the Prince of Montenegro. The legislative au- 

 thority is vested in the Parliament, consisting of 

 a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. The Senate 

 had 348 members in 1901, including 5 royal 

 princes who are Senators by right of birth. Sen- 

 ators are appointed from among citizens who 

 have held high office or attained distinction in 

 science, art, literature, or have conferred benefit 

 on the nation in other pursuits. The number of 

 Senators who may be appointed is not limited by 

 law. The Chamber of Deputies contains 508 mem- 

 bers, 1 to 64,000 inhabitants, elected in separate 

 districts by all male citizens twenty-one years of 

 age who have an elementary education or pay 



a certain amount of taxes or rent or occupy a 

 shop or farm or have served two years in the 

 army. Soldiers in active service are debarred 

 from voting and salaried officials and ecclesiastics 

 from sitting in the Chamber. The parliamentary 

 period is five years. The Cabinet in the begin- 

 ning of 1902, first constituted on Feb. 14, 1901, 

 was composed as follows : President of the Coun- 

 cil, Giuseppe Zanardelli; Minister of the Interior, 

 Giovanni Giolitti; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 Giulio Prinetti; Minister of the Treasury, Signor 

 di Broglio; Minister of Finance, Paolo Carcano, 

 appointed Aug. 9, 1901; Minister of Justice and 

 Ecclesiastical Affairs, Francesco Cocco-Ortu; 

 Minister of War, Gen. Count Coriolano Ponza di 

 San Martino; Minister of Marine, Vice- Admiral 

 Constantino Enrico Morin; Minister of Com- 

 merce, Industry, and Agriculture, Guido Baccelli, 

 appointed Aug. 4, 1901 ; Minister of Education, 

 Nunzio Nasi; Mininster of Public Works ad in- 

 terim, Signor Zanardelli; Minister of Posts and 

 Telegraphs, Tancredo Galimberti. Count Giusso 

 afterward was made Minister of Public Works. 



Area and Population. The area of Italy is 

 110,646 square miles. The population at the cen- 

 sus of Feb. 9, 1901, was 32,449,754, showing an 

 increase of 0.73 per cent, per annum since 1881, 

 as compared with 0.619 per cent, in the previous 

 ten years and 0.40 per cent, between 1861 and 

 1871. With the exception of 90,000 of Albanian, 

 80,200 of French, 31,200 of Greek, 30,000 of Slavic, 

 11,400 of German, and 9,800 of Spanish origin set- 

 tled in various parts of the country all the in- 

 habitants of Italy are of ancient Italian stock. 

 The number of marriages in 1900 was 232,631; of 

 births, 1,067,376; of deaths, 768,917; excess of 

 births, 298,459. The number of emigrants in 1900 

 was 352,782, of whom 181,047 went to other coun- 

 tries in Europe, 87,714 to the United States, 42,720 

 to the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, and Para- 

 guay, 27,438 to Brazil, 1,686 to Canada, 2,523 to 

 Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Central Amer- 

 ica, 409 to Chile, Peru, and Bolivia, 3,137 to 

 America without designation of their destination, 

 and 904 to other countries. Of the total number 

 199,573 declared their emigration to be tempo- 

 rary. This was the case of nearly all who left for 

 other European countries, although many of these 

 decide later to emigrate to America and embark 

 in foreign ports. Of the total of emigrants 23,322, 

 including 15,282, went from Piedmont; 3,804, in- 

 cluding 328 temporary, from Liguria; 21,401, in- 

 cluding 16,678 temporary, from Lombardy; 104,- 

 910, including 100.931 temporary, from Venetia; 

 22,594, including 19,429 temporary, from Emilia; 

 21,971, including 16,146 temporary, from Tus- 

 cany; 9,381, including 2,926 temporary, from the 

 Marches; 2,415, including 1,900 temporary, from 

 Umbria; 1,489, including 1,253 temporary, from 

 Lazio; 22,932, including 4,296 temporary, from 

 Abruzzi and Molise; 49,970, including 11,812 

 temporary, from Campania; 4,936, including 367 

 temporary, from Apulia; 10,797 from Basilicata; 

 23,328, including 6 temporary, from Calabria; 

 28,838, including 7,530 temporary, from Sicily; 

 694, including 689 temporary, from Sardinia. The 

 population of the chief Italian towns on Feb. 

 9, 1901, was as follows: Naples, 563,731; Milan, 

 491,460; Rome, 463,000; Turin, 335,639; Palermo, 

 310,352; Genoa, 310,352; Florence, 204,950; Bo- 

 logna, 152,009; Venice, 151,841; Messina, 149,823; 

 Catania, 149,694. 



Finances. The budget estimate of revenue for 

 the year ending June 30, 1902, was 1,811,924,509 

 lire. The ordinary receipts were estimated at 

 1,732,167,444 lire, and the extraordinary receipts 

 at 79,757,065 lire. The ordinary expenditures 



