368 



MADAGASCAR. 



MANITOBA. 



upon the basis of a study of liturgical history in 

 general and of the liturgical principles and 

 usages of the Lutheran Church in particular. 

 Its interests embrace the entire liturgical field of 

 public worship and Christian art, and all that 

 these include in liturgy, architecture and orna- 

 ment, church music, hymnology, and ministerial 

 acts. Monthly meetings are held in the First Lu- 

 theran Church, Pittsburg. Pa., at which papers 

 are read and discussed. Many of these papers em- 

 body the fruits of years of investigation. They 

 are published in the Memoirs of the association. 



Payment of 50 cents annual subscription to the 

 Memoirs constitutes the subscriber a member of 

 the association and entitles him to every publica- 

 tion as it is issued during the current year. Nine 

 papers were published in 1902, and these are now 

 available in a bound volume. The association 

 has had a remarkably rapid growth in member- 

 ship and in the distribution of its literature. The 

 present membership numbers 410, representing 

 20 States of the Union and the 4 general bodies 

 of the Lutheran Church in America, besides vari- 

 ous independent synods. 



M 



MADAGASCAR, an island colony of France, 

 near the southeast coast of Africa, formerly a 

 kingdom, proclaimed a French protectorate in 

 1885 and declared a colony on Aug. 6, 1896. The 

 colony is administered by a Governor-General, 

 Major-Gen. Gallieni. The area of the island is 

 estimated at 227,750 square miles, including the 

 small islands of Nossi Be, Sainte Marie, and Les 

 ties Glorieuses. The population at the end of 



1900 was 2,244,872, composed of 2,242,443 natives, 

 488 Asiatics and Africans, 1,193 French, 374 Eng- 

 lish, 33 Germans, and 341 other Europeans. In 



1901 there arrived 157 French immigrants, against 

 122 in 1900. The civilian officials number 700. 

 Slavery was abolished in 1896, and forced labor 

 on public works in 1901, when the personal tax 

 was increased from 5 to 10, 15, or 20 francs and 

 in the capital to 30 francs. Antananarivo, the 

 capital, formerly the seat of the Hova dynasty, 

 has about 50,000 inhabitants. The Hovas, who 

 ruled the island before the French conquest, are 

 a Malayan people who were partly civilized, and 

 the majority nominally converted to Christian- 

 ity. They number about 850,000. The Christian 

 population in 1895 was estimated at 450,000 

 Protestants and 50,000 Catholics. A large pro- 

 portion of the Protestants have since become 

 Catholics. The French have organized a system 

 of public schools wherever their actual jurisdic- 

 tion extends unless mission schools were al- 

 ready in existence. The ordinary revenue in 

 the year ending June 30, 1901, was 19,400,000 

 francs, and expenditure 17,100,000 francs. The 

 French Government gives a subvention of 700,000 

 francs, but the expenditure of France in 1902 was 

 31,340,003 francs in addition to this. The old 

 Malagasy debt was converted in 1885, and a loan 

 of 60,000.000 francs has been raised for public 

 works. The cost of the garrison in 1902 was 

 12,142,120 francs. There were 50 French officers, 

 8,763 French troops, and 8,235 native and African 

 troops. The value of imports in 1900 was 39,895,- 

 897 francs; of exports, 10,623,810 francs, including 

 3,600,000 francs for gold and gold-dust, 2,025,000 

 francs for raffia, 1,825,000 francs for caoutchouc, 

 1,150,000 francs for cattle, 500,000 francs for 

 hides, 500,000 francs for wax, and 225,000 

 francs for vanilla. The principal imports are 

 textiles, beverages, flour and meal, and metal 

 goods. Three trench steamship lines run to the 

 port of TamataVe, on the east coast, which has 

 a population of 15,000. The number of vessels 

 entered and cleared at all the ports during 1900 

 was 12,823, of 2,018,951 tons, of which 1,823,136 

 tons were French. The chief occupations are 

 cattle-raising and agriculture. Rice, manioc, 

 sugar, coffee, cotton, cacao, vanilla, tobacco, and 

 sweet potatoes are the principal cultivated prod- 

 ucts. In the forests are obtained rubber and 

 many valuable woods. The forests are preserved 



by law. French settlers receive farms of 100 

 hectares free, and the same amount of land can 

 be obtained by foreigners at a fixed price. The 

 natives weave silk, cotton, and raffia fiber, and 

 are skilful workers of metals. Gold is found in 

 many districts, and copper, galena, sulfur, graph- 

 ite, and lignite exist in extensive deposits, but are 

 not mined on a large scale. There were 300 mi- 

 ning concessions, covering 1,425,000 acres in 1900. 

 Many Boers during and after the South African 

 War went to Madagascar, and some of them ac- 

 quired land for settlement. Roads have been 

 built by the French, who expended 3,126,405 

 francs for the purpose in 1899. The lagoons on 

 the east coast are being connected by canals. 

 There are 2,610 miles of connected telegraph-lines. 

 The railroad from Tamatave to Ivondro connects 

 with the canal, and from Jaroka, another point 

 on the lagoons, a railroad is being built to Anta- 

 nanarivo, situated on the interior plateau. The 

 western port of Mojanga has been improved and 

 in 1902 exported 6,000 cattle. In 1901 prospectors 

 for gold located 322 new claims, but only 60 

 placers were worked. The quantity of gold ex- 

 ported in 1900 was 1,114 kilograms; in 1901, 

 1,045 kilograms. Diego Suarez, where a French 

 colony was established in 1895, has been convert- 

 ed into a first-class naval and military port. 

 French enterprises and settlements are most nu- 

 merous in this northern part of the island, and here 

 several Boer families of French descent have lo- 

 cated farms. With the completion of the road 

 from Antananarivo to the series of coast lagoons 

 and canals the system of human porterage began 

 to give place to transport in carts, drawn at first 

 by men, who are being replaced by mules and oxen. 

 MAINE. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 MANITOBA, a province of the Dominion of 

 Canada; area, 73,956 square miles; population in 

 1901, 254,947. Capital, Winnipeg. 



Government and Politics. The Government 

 of Mr. Roblin remained unchanged during the 

 year, and also kept its place as the only one of 

 the provincial governments of Canada that was 

 purely Conservative. The executive was made up 

 of R. P. Roblin, Premier, President of the Coun- 

 cil, and Commissioner of Immigration and Rail- 

 ways; J. A. Davidson, Treasurer and Commis- 

 sioner of Provincial Lands; D. H. McFadden, 

 Provincial Secretary and Municipal Commission- 

 er; C. H. Campbell, Attorney-General and Min- 

 ister of Education;. Robert Rogers, Minister of 

 Public Works. The Legislative Assembly was 

 made up of 26 Conservatives and 13 Liberals, 

 under the leadership of T. Greenway, and 1 Inde- 

 pendent, with W. Hespeler as Speaker. The ses- 

 sion was opened by Lieut.-Gov. Sir D. H. McMil- 

 lan, on June 9, 1902, with a speech from the 

 throne, of which the following are the significant 

 portions: 



