NETHERLANDS. 



411 



ging Atomic Volume, by Theodore W. Richards; 

 The Compulsory Introduction of the French Met- 

 rical System into the United States, by William 

 Sellers; and A New Computation of the Coeffi- 

 cients of Precession and Nutation, by Ira Ibsen 

 Sterner, a non-member. Also the following bio- 

 graphical memoirs: John Gross Barnard, by 

 Henry L. Abbot; Francis Amasa Walker, by 

 John S. Billings; John Strong Newberry, by 

 Charles A. White ; and William Augustus Rogers, 

 by Arthur Searle, a non-member. 



The public business included the election of 

 Samuel F. Emmons to the office of treasurer, 

 made vacant by the resignation of Charles D. 

 Walcott, and the election of the following mem- 

 bers to the council: John S. Billings, Henry P. 

 Bowditch, George J. Brush, Simon Newcomb, 

 Charles D. Walcott, and William H. Welch. The 

 following new members were elected: William 

 Wallace Campbell, director of Lick Observatory, 

 Mount Hamilton, Cal.; George Ellery Hale, Pro- 

 fessor of Astrophysics and director of Yerkes 

 Observatory of the University of Chicago, Wil- 

 liams Bay, Wis.; Clinton Hart Merriam, director 

 of the United States Biological Survey, Depart- 

 ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ; W T illiam 

 Trelease, Professor of Botany in Washington 

 University and director of the Missouri (Shaw) 

 Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo.; and Charles 

 Richard Van Hise, Professor of Geology in the 

 University of Wisconsin and geologist on the 

 United States Geological Survey, Madison, Wis. 



The scientific session was held in Johns Hop- 

 kins University, Baltimore, Md., Nov. 11 and 12, 

 1902, when the following papers were read: On 

 Elevated Oceanic Islands in the Pacific, by Alex- 

 ander Agassiz; A New System of Positions for 

 Standard Stars, with Notes relative to its bear- 

 ing upon Sidereal Astronomy, by Lewis Boss; 

 The Embryology of Salpa Cordiformis, by Wil- 

 liam K. Brooks; The Spectra of Stars of Secchi's 

 Fourth Type, by George E. Hale ; Complete- Skele- 

 ton and Restoration of the Cretaceous Fish Por- 

 theus Molossus Cope, A New Small Dinosaur 

 from the Jurassic or Como Beds of Wyoming, 

 apparently a Bird-Catcher, and New or Little- 

 Known Elephants and Mastodons of North Amer- 

 ica, by Henry F. Osborn; A Possible Explanation 

 of the Difficult Solubility of Certain Compounds 

 containing Fluorin and Hydroxyl, by Samuel L. 

 Penfield; and a Biographical Memoir of Henry 



A. Rowland, by Thomas C. Mendenhall. Also 

 the following papers by non-members: The Oc- 

 currence of Reef Corals near Beaufort, N. C., by 

 Caswell Grave; The Trematode Parasites of the 

 Oyster, by D. H. Tennent; The Preparation 

 of Cells for the Measurement of Osmotic Pres- 

 sure, by Harmon N. Morse; A Substance with 

 Remarkable Optical Properties and Screens 

 transparent only to Ultra-Violet Light, by Rob- 

 ert W. Wood; On Displacement Currents, by J. 



B. Whitehead; and On the Spectrum of Hydro- 

 gen, by L. A. Parsons. 



No business of public importance was trans- 

 acted at this session. In the year the academy 

 lost by death Alpheus Hyatt, Henry Morton, 

 Ogden Nicholas Rood, and John Wesley Powell, 

 of whom brief sketches are given under OBIT- 



f ARIES, AMERICAN. 

 NEBRASKA. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 NETHERLANDS, a monarchy in western 

 Europe. The legislative power is vested in the 

 States General, consisting of the First Chamber, 

 which has 50 members, elected by the provincial 

 councils for nine years, and the Second Chamber, 

 elected for four years by all citizens who pay 

 direct taxes or are legally qualified for a profes- 



sion, or who have money in the savings-bank or 

 a salary of 275 guilders a year, or who are owners 

 of boats or occupants of dwellings. The reigning 

 sovereign is Queen Willemina, born Aug. 31, 1880, 

 daughter of Willem III and Queen Emma, born 

 a Princess of Waldeck, who from the death of the 

 late king, on Nov. 23, 1890, till Sept. 6, 1898, 

 acted as Regent. Queen Willemina married, on 

 Feb. 7, 1901, Prince Henry of Mecklenburg- 

 Schwerin. 



The Council of Ministers constituted on July 

 31, 1901, was composed as follows: President of 

 the Council and Minister of the Interior, Dr. A. 

 Kuyper; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. R. 

 Melvil, Baron van Lynden; Minister of Finance, 

 Dr. J. J. T. Harte van Tecklenburg; Minister of 

 Marine, Vice- Admiral G. Kruys; Minister of War, 

 Lieut.-Gen. J. W. Bergansius; Minister of Public 

 Works and Commerce, Dr. J. C. de Marez Oyens; 

 Minister of Justice, Dr. J. J. Loeff; Minister of 

 the Colonies, Dr. T. A. J. van Asch van Wyk. 



Area and Population. The area of the Neth- 

 erlands, or Holland, is 12,648 square miles. The 

 population on Dec. 31, 1900, was estimated at 

 5,179,100, comprising 2,560,293 males and 2,618,807 

 females. Of the total 36.6 per cent, lived in towns 

 of over 20,000 inhabitants. The census of Dec. 31, 

 1899, made the total population 5,104,137. The 

 number of foreigners was 52,625, of whom 31,865 

 were Germans, 14,903 Belgians, 1,307 English, and 

 4,550 from other countries. The number of mar- 

 riages in 1900 was 39,419; of births, 162,611; of 

 deaths, 92,043 ; excess of births, 70,568. The num- 

 ber of emigrants was 1,899, of whom 1,893 went 

 to the United States and 6 to South Africa. Of 

 the emigrants 907 were men, 477 women, and 515 

 children. The number of emigrants, native and 

 foreign, who embarked in Dutch ports was 34,794. 

 Amsterdam had 520,602 inhabitants at the begin- 

 ning of 1901; Rotterdam, 332,185; The Hague, 

 212,211; Utrecht, 104,194. 



Finances. The revenue in 1900 amounted to 

 155,062,000 guilders, including 600,000 guilders 

 from extraordinary sources. Of the ordinary 

 revenue 34,849,358 guilders came from direct 

 taxes, 49,248,119 guilders from excise, 26,342,694 

 guilders from indirect taxes, and 9,701,878 guilders 

 from customs. The total expenditure was 154,- 

 528,512 guilders; of which 40,847,400 guilders were 

 for the army and navy, 34,882,758 guilders for 

 debt service, 15,282,031 guilders for public works, 

 and 63,516,323 guilders for general expenses. For 

 1901 the estimate of revenue was 149,472,180 

 guilders, and of expenditure 154,755,492 guilders. 

 The revenue for the year ending in October, 1902, 

 was estimated in the budget at 154.002.245 guil- 

 ders, of which the land tax yields 13,016,000 guil- 

 ders, the personal tax 9,022,'000 guilders, the tax 

 on capital 7,464,000 guilders, the tax on incomes 

 from trades, professions, etc., 6,300,000 guilders, 

 excise 50,020,000 guilders, indirect taxes 22,161,000 

 guilders, import duties 9,618,000 guilders, the tax 

 on gold and silver 320,900 guilders, domains 1,670,- 

 000 guilders, the post-office 11,122,000 guilders, 

 telegraphs 2,487,000 guilders, the state lottery 

 651,000 guilders, shooting and fishing licenses 

 135,000 guilders, pilot dues 2,350.000 guilders, 

 mining dues 26,220 guilders, state railroads 4,188,- 

 150 guilders, share of Netherlands India in the 

 interest and sinking-fund of the debt 3,865,000 

 guilders, and miscellaneous receipts 19,585,975 

 guilders. The budget estimate of the total ex- 

 penditures for 1902 was 167.233.180 guilders, of 

 which the civil list takes 800,000 guilders, the 

 States General and the Royal Cabinet 681,500 

 guilders, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs 853,218 

 guilders, the Ministry of Justice 6,349,916 guil- 



