NETHERLANDS. 



415- 



males in 1896 were Europeans or persons as- 

 similated to them, -about 460,000 were Chinese, 

 24,000 Arabs, 27,000 other Orientals, and the rest 

 native Malays. Batavia, the capital, had 115,567 

 inhabitants; Soerabaya, 142,980. The number of 

 native Christians in Java and Madura was 19,- 

 193; in the outposts, 290,065. The revenue of 

 Netherlands India in 1901 was 149,935,934 guil- 

 ders, of which 39.3 per cent, was derived from 

 taxes on houses and estates and trade licenses, 21 

 per cent, from monopolies of salt and opium, 24.9 

 per cent, from sales of coffee and other Govern- 

 ment products, and 14.8 per cent, from other 

 sources. The expenditure of the Government in 



1901 was 149,885,383 guilders. The budget for 



1902 showed a revenue of 27,066,344 guilders in 

 the mother country and 124,905,070 guilders in 

 the colonies and an expenditure in the colonies of 

 125,238,100 guilders and in the mother country of 

 32,911,312 guilders, making a total revenue of 

 151,971,414 guilders and a total expenditure of 

 158,149,412 guilders, leaving a deficit of 6,177,998 

 guilders. There have been deficits and surpluses 

 according to the activity of operations against 

 the Achinese of Sumatra. The Government 

 products are coffee and cinchona, raised by the 

 natives on the culture system of compulsory 

 labor in lieu of rent or taxes, and tin and coal 

 from the Government mines. The receipts in the 

 Netherlands of the budget of 1902 are 3,340,797 

 guilders from sales of Government coffee, 277,200 

 guilders from sales of cinchona, 19,666,697 guil- 

 ders from sales of tin, 2,150,000 guilders as the 

 share of the GoA r ernment in the profits of the 

 Billiton Mining Company, 1,015,000 guilders from 

 railroads, and 016,650 guilders from various 

 sources. The receipts in India were 19,199,000 

 guilders from sales of opium, 18,486,000 guilders 

 from import, export, and excise duties, 22,449,100 

 guilders of land revenues, 5,681,700 guilders from 

 sales of coffee, 10,052,000 guilders from sales of 

 salt, 13,809,000 guilders from railroads, 3,238,000 

 guilders from the tax on trades, 3,269,000 -guil- 

 ders from coal, and 28,721,270 guilders from other 

 sources. About a third of the expenditure is for 

 general administration in Java and in the Neth- 

 erlands and another third for the army and navy. 

 The strength of the army on Jan. 1, 1900, was 

 1,345 officers and 39,388 men. Of the non-com- 

 missioned officers and privates 14,960 were Euro- 

 peans, 4,251 Amboinese, 45 Africans, and 20,132 

 natives of the Dutch East Indies. The backbone 

 of the army is formed by officers and soldiers of 

 the army of the Netherlands who, with the con- 

 sent of their superior officers, are permitted to en- 

 list in the Dutch East Indian army. Other Euro- 

 peans are attracted to this dangerous service by 

 high pay. Each infantry battalion is composed 

 of 2 European and 2 native or 1 European and 3 

 native companies ; the cavalry is mixed ; the gun- 

 ners in the artillery are Europeans ; and in all the 

 officers and half the non-commissioned officers of 

 the army are Europeans or half-castes. The naval 

 forces are only partly colonial and the expenses 

 are shared by the mother country. The personnel 

 consisted in 1899 of 1,268 Europeans and 727 na- 

 tives in the Indian marine, comprising 18 vessels, 

 and 1,067 Europeans and 206 natives in the aux- 

 iliary squadron of 4 vessels. 



The soil of Java, excepting private estates in 

 the west belonging chiefly to Europeans and 

 Chinese and a few elsewhere, is Government prop- 

 erty. The Government and private landowners 

 also can claim one day's work in the week from 

 the people living on their land. On the sugar 

 plantations and on many other lands the Govern- 

 nt in 1882 commuted this into a tax of 1 guil- 





der per capita per annum. Europeans possess 

 2,241,170 acres, Chinese 470,809 acres, and other 

 Orientals 32,576 acres. There were 6,935,300 acres 

 tilled by natives in Java and Madura in 1899. 

 The extent of rice cultivation in 1899 was 5,198,- 

 622 acres, while sugar-cane occupied 265,382 acres, 

 tobacco 265,809 acres, indigo 60,998 acres, and 

 corn, arachis, cotton, and various other crops 

 4,331,327 acres, making a total of 10,122,550 

 acres. In 1899 there were taken on seventy-five- 

 year leases 967,155 acres by European companies 

 and individuals, 33,292 acres by Chinese, and 2,318 

 acres by natives, making a total of 1,002,765 acres 

 for that vear. The yield of sugar in 1899 was 

 1,608,718,400 pounds. The production of coffee 

 was 32,988,583 pounds on Government lands, 

 7,884,800 pounds by the free cultivation of natives, 

 69,575,600 pounds on leased lands, and 7,595,466 

 pounds on private lands; total, 118,044,399 pounds. 

 The yield of cinchona was 399,496 kilograms on 

 Government plantations, 4,089,654 kilograms on 

 leased lands, and 573,413 kilograms on private 

 lands. The yield of tea was 5,452,773 kilograms; 

 of indigo, 783,132 kilograms: of tobacco, 24.346,- 

 626 kilograms in Java and 23,958,369 kilograms 

 in Sumatra. The production of tin in the Govern- 

 ment mines of Banca and the mines operated by 

 companies in Billiton and Riau was. 16,460 tons. 

 The quantity of coal produced by the principal 

 mines of Java, Sumatra, and Borneo was 182,712 

 tons. The production of mineral oil was 1,638,- 



569 cases in 1899 and 1.261,201 cases in 1900. 

 The total value of imports in 1899 was 191,322,- 



270 guilders, of which 4,530,029 guilders were 

 Government merchandise, 164,013,315 private 

 merchandise imports, and 22,778,926 guilders im- 

 ports of specie on private account. The total 

 value of exports was 250.923,258 guilders, of which 

 14,944.387 were Government merchandise, 235,383,- 



570 guilders private exports of merchandise, and 

 595,301 guilders private exports of specie. About 

 half the rice exports go to Borneo and China; of 

 all the rest four-fifths go to the Netherlands. 

 There were entered at the ports of the Dutch 

 East Indies 3,661 steamers, of 1,638,666 tons, and 

 389 sailing vessels, of 84,606 tons, in 1899. The 

 States General in 1902 voted a subsidy for a line 

 of steamers to ply between Java, China, and 

 Japan. The railroads had a total length on Jan. 

 1, 1900, of 1,333 miles; net receipts in 1899 were 

 17,278,000 guilders. There were 6,910 miles of 

 telegraph-lines; the number of despatches in 1899 

 was 672,892. A cable convention concluded with 

 Germany in July, 1901, provides for a submarine 

 telegraph-line connecting Dutch and German pos- 

 sessions in the East Indies with the American 

 Pacific cable at Guam, and the Siberian line by a 

 cable to Shanghai from Celebes, rendering both 

 powers independent of the British lines for tele- 

 graphic communications not only with their colo- 

 nies, but with China and Japan. The subsidized 

 company, to which Germany pays $250,000 a year 

 and the Netherlands $70,000, to be reduced to 

 the extent of any profits in excess of 10 per cent., 

 will lay a cable from Menado, in northern Celebes, 

 to Guam, and from there to Shanghai, while the 

 Dutch Government will lay one from Monado to 

 Borneo, which is already connected with Java. 

 To the treaty is added a 'secret protocol, probably 

 defining mutual obligations and common action 

 in the use and protection of the cable in the event 

 of war, since the principle of the neutrality of 

 cables was not incorporated in the international 

 convention for the protection of submarine cables 

 signed at Paris in 1882, because England declared 

 that she would not sign the convention unless it 

 left the action of belligerents free, a right which 



