416 



NETHERLANDS. 



NEW BRUNSWICK. 



the United States in the war with Spain freely 

 exercised at Manila. Any disputes as to the con- 

 struction of the German-Dutch cable convention 

 will be decided by the International Court of 

 Arbitration at The Hague. A joint commission 

 in 1902 delimited the frontiers between the Dutch 

 and the Portuguese parts of the island of Timor, 

 which has hitherto been held jointly by both 

 states. 



The fundamental principle of the Dutch colo- 

 nial policy in the East Indies is to leave the 

 natives under the direct administration of native 

 officials, chosen wherever possible from the fami- 

 lies that once ruled over them, but now salaried 

 functionaries of the state under the direction of 

 superior white officials. The Governor-General is 

 enabled to keep up a princely state to impress the 

 natives and wields despotic powers. Weighty af- 

 faire he lays before the Council of India, consist- 

 ing of 5 members, but he is not bound to follow 

 its conclusions. He has authority to banish or 

 intern either Europeans or natives w r ho are con- 

 sidered dangerous to the peace of the land. The 

 residents, who have under them 3 or 4 under- 

 residents and 7 to 9 controllers, are appointed by 

 the Governor-General, as are the army officers 

 under the rank of general. Each residency of Java, 

 with the exception of Batavia and the semi-in- 

 dependent sultanates of Solo and Djokja, con- 

 tains numerous regencies. The regents are the 

 high native officials who have been educated in 

 the Government schools for native chiefs, and it is 

 they who govern the people through the district 

 rcdanas, under whose orders are the village head- 

 men, though under the constant supervision and 

 direction of the controllers. The natives have an 

 inborn respect for rank and authority, and as 

 they are accustomed to seeing their own lordly 

 chiefs humbly submissive to the lowest officers in 

 the white hierarchy, with whom no native below 

 a regent comes in contact, their reverence for the 

 whites is unbounded. The educated Javans who 

 do not obtain official posts and who have not 

 the means to maintain the manner of life for 

 which they were prepared are a dangerous ele- 

 ment. Another is the Moslem priests, who stirred 

 up trouble in western Java in 1888, although the 

 Javans are no fanatics. The profits of the various 

 cultures and systems of tenure go to Europeans 

 and Chinese, while the native can get only a plot 

 of ground on which to grow rice. The local trade 

 is in the hands of Chinamen, who buy the crops of 

 the native farmers, often in advance with money 

 loaned at usurious rates, although they are for- 

 bidden by law. The 20,000,000 guilders of land 

 rent that the Javanese farmers must raise besides 

 other taxes make them an easy prey for these 

 usurers. The fatalistic and submissive Javans 

 have remained peaceful for three-quarters of a 

 century, and now have less cause than ever to 

 rebel, meager as is the fruit of their toil, for the 

 Government endeavors to improve their lot and 

 protect them from every form of oppression. The 

 Dayaks of Sumatra and Celebes are men of a 

 different stripe, ungovernable and warlike, whom 

 the Dutch have never subdued. The flourishing 

 tobacco plantations of Sumatra are tilled by Chi- 

 nese coolies, whose indefatigable industry and 

 painstaking care renders them indispensable. In 

 Java the Chinese are and for centuries have been 

 business men, and in business the Chinese mer- 

 chant, contractor, planter, or manufacturer ex- 

 cels both the Malay and the European, not 

 only by his assiduity, intelligence, and skill, but 

 by his unscrupulous, corrupt, and ruthless meth- 

 ods. Formerly the Chinese were nowhere allowed 

 to acquire land. The prohibition was removed in 



certain districts, and since then nine-tenths of the 

 leal estate in Batavia has passed into their pos- 

 session. The native peasantry have repeatedly 

 been provoked into anti-Chinese riots and have 

 massacred thousands of Chinamen. 



There was a lull in the conflict with the Achi- 

 nese in 1902. The head rebel having been ren- 

 dered helpless, the Dutch maintained their posts 

 on the coast and in the interior without molesta- 

 tion and made considerable progress in sup- 

 pressing piracy on the sea and teaching the guer- 

 rillas on land to respect the Dutch flag. The 

 chief, who is recognized by the rebels as Sultan 

 of Achin, after his defeats in 1901, when his 

 bands were decimated and cowed and his arms 

 and treasure used up or captured, was not able 

 to equip a new force, and consequently his influ- 

 ence as a leader waned. The war, which has 

 cost the East Indian and Dutch treasuries im- 

 mense sums of money, and in which great numbers 

 of lives of European and native soldiers have been 

 sacrificed, began in 1873, when the Achinese, en- 

 couraged by foreigners who carried on a con- 

 traband trade from Singapore, declared their in- 

 dependence. The first expedition against then, 

 was repulsed with heavy losses, the commander 

 being among the killed, and returned to Batavia 

 A strong expedition was sent forthwith, and since 

 then the Dutch have held their footing on the 

 coast, but have occasionally occupied positions ir. 

 the interior and vigorously pressed their brave 

 and persistent enemies, then reduced their area of 

 occupation and tried a policy of conciliation, but 

 till now they have not been able to establish their 

 rule over this unconquerable race inhabiting a 

 wild and unhealthy country. 



Dutch Guiana. The Governor of Dutch 

 Guiana, or Surinam, in 1902 was W. Tonckens. 

 He is assisted by a Council of 4 members and in 

 legislation by the Colonial States, composed of 13 

 members, 2 of whom are appointed and the rest 

 elected for six years in the proportion of 1 mem- 

 ber to 200 electors. The area of the colony is 

 estimated at 46,060 square miles. The population 

 on Dec. 31, 1899, was estimated at 67,128, ex- 

 clusive of bush negroes. Parimaribo, the capital, 

 had 31,427 inhabitants. There are about 14,000 

 East Indians in the colony. The revenue in 1901 

 was 2,705,000 guilders; * expenditure, 2,324,000 

 guilders. The Netherlands Government made a 

 grant of 381,000 guilders. The quantity of sugar 

 produced in 1899 was 9,566,752 kilograms; of 

 cacao, 3,969,945 kilograms; of bananas, 357,01o 

 bunches; of rurn, 8.447 hectoliters: of molasses, 

 12,309 hectoliters. Up to Dec. 31, 1899, the number 

 of gold claims was 382, and the export of gold for 

 the year was 872.373 grams, valued at 1,195.151 

 guilders; the production was 893,197 grams. The 

 total value of imports in 1899 was 6.122,112 guil- 

 ders; of exports. 5,517.384 guilders. The number 

 of vessels entered was 231, of 135,602 tons; cleared, 

 232, of 137,650 tons. (For the colony of Curagao 

 see WEST INDIES.) 



NEVADA. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 NEW BRUNSWICK, an eastern province of 

 the Dominion of Canada: area. 28.200 squaw 

 miles; population in 1901, 331,120. Capital, Fred- 

 ericton. 



Government and Politics. There were no 

 changes in the Government of the province in 

 1902. Hon. L. J. Tweedie was Premier and 

 Provincial Secretary; Hon. William Pugsley. At- j 

 torney-General ; Hon. A. T. Dunn, Surveyor-Gen- 

 eral: Hon. C. H. Labillois. Chief Commissioner of 

 Public Works; Hon. L. P. Farris, Commissioner 

 for Agriculture and the Hon. Messrs. G. F. Hill 

 and H. A. MoKeown were members without of- 



