OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (ADAMSON ALI.) 



485 



of the Church frowned upon him on account of 

 his opposition to ultramontanism. While the 

 Council of the Vatican was sitting in 1870 he 

 learned from leading bishops who took part and 

 revealed in letters to the Miinich Allgemeine Zei- 

 tung the phases and vicissitudes of the contest 

 and the moves and combinations of parties. 

 After the Vatican decree was issued he still main- 

 tained his opposition to ultramontanism and ad- 

 duced historical reasons in the public press. From 

 1859 till 1865 he sat in Parliament for Carlow. 

 Although he made no mark as a speaker, he in- 

 fluenced Gladstone and helped to shape the policy 

 that rent the Liberal party asunder. He was 

 returned for Bridgnorth in 1865, but was un- 

 seated on a scrutiny. In that year he married a 

 daughter of Count Arco Valley, by whom he had 

 a son, Richard, now Lord Acton. In 1869 he was 

 raised to the peerage as Baron Acton of Alden- 

 ham. He sold the castle of Herrnsheim and 

 crippled his English estate to gather together 

 60,000 volumes that are documents of the relig- 

 ious, political, economic, and popular history 

 of Europe. Although he had notes and refer- 

 ences by the boxful, covering every phase and 

 movement of modern history, some rare articles 

 in reviews were his only published writings. He 

 could discourse in conversation lucidly, with pro- 

 found conviction and astonishing accuracy of 

 memory, on the whole political and social evo- 

 lution of modern times, yet when he took the 

 pen to write historical and literary allusions 

 clogged his style and a striving for exactness of 

 statement obscured it with strange phrases. Al- 

 though he produced no work he was recognized 

 as the most learned and scientific of British his- 

 torians, and in 1895, having just previously held 

 a place at court for three years, he was appoint- 

 ed Regius Professor of History at Cambridge, 

 where he put into practise methods of investiga- 

 tion and study more thorough and conscientious 

 than had before been introduced in England. 

 Andrew Carnegie purchased Lord Acton's library 

 some years before the latter's death and left it 

 for his use in its fireproof building at Aldenham. 

 After Lord Acton's death Mr. Carnegie gave it 

 to John Morley to keep or to bestow where he 

 saw fit, and Mr. Morley presented it to the Uni- 

 versity of Cambridge. 



Adamson, Robert, Scottish philosopher, born 

 in Edinburgh in 1852; died in Glasgow, Feb. 6, 

 1902. He won the highest honors at Edinburgh 

 University, and after continuing his studies at 

 Heidelberg he returned to become assistant pro- 

 fessor, leaving the university again in 1876 to 

 succeed Stanley Jevons as Professor of Logic and 

 Philosophy in Owens College, Manchester, where 

 he remained till in 1893 he was elected Professor 

 of Logic at Aberdeen University, whence he went 

 to Glasgow in 1895 to fill the chair of Logic and 

 Rhetoric. He wrote a treatise on the Philosophy 

 of Kant, and the article on him in the Encyclo- 

 paedia Britannica, also articles on English philoso- 

 phers and on logic and the mind, and had in 

 preparation when he died a book on Kant and 

 the Modern Naturalists, and one on the History 

 of Psychology. He was an active promoter when 

 at Manchester of the Victoria University and at 

 Glasgow in obtaining the extension of the ses- 

 sion and the fuller educational equipment of the 



livovsity. 



Albert, King of Saxony, born in Dresden, 



aril 23, 1828; died in Sibyllenort, June 19, 1902. 

 ie was the son of Crown-Prince Johann and 



rincess Amalia of Bavaria. He entered the 

 Saxon army as a lieutenant in 1843 and studied 

 ~ the university of Bonn, which he left to join 



his regiment when the revolution broke out in 

 1848. As captain of artillery he distinguished 

 himself at the storming of the redoubts 'of Dtippel 

 in the Schleswig-Holstein campaign of 1849. After 

 his father became King in 1854 he took a promi- 

 nent part in civil and military affairs, and in 

 the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 he was cora- 

 mander-in-chief of the Saxon army, which left 

 Saxony undefended to concentrate in Bohemia 

 with the Austrian force of Gen. Clam Gallas, 

 whose unsuccessful stand at Gittschin enabled 

 the Prussians to bring the campaign to a quick 

 termination four days later at Koniggratz, where 

 Crown-Prince Albert with his Saxons stubbornly 

 held the left of the Austrian position against 

 Gen. Herwarth von Bittenfeld's Army of the Elbe 

 until after Gen. Benedek's Austrian army was de- 

 feated and rendered helpless by the capture of 

 the key of the position at Chlum by the Prussian 

 Crown Prince. When Saxony was absorbed in 

 the North German Federation Prince Albert re- 

 mained in command of the Saxon troops, hence- 

 forth known as the Saxon corps and officially 

 designated as the 12th North German Corps. He 

 led them in the Franco-German War, and so dis- 

 tinguished himself by turning St. Privat and 

 bringing up his troops through the Bois des Ro- 

 gnons to turn the tide at Gravelotte that he 

 was placed in command of the army of the Maas, 

 composed of the united Prussian guard corps, 

 with 2 cavalry divisions. While advancing from 

 Metz upon Chalons, he was suddenly ordered 

 to take part in the flanking movement by which 

 the German columns hemmed Marshal MacMa- 

 hon's army and encircled it with an iron ring 

 at Sedan, where the Saxon Crown Prince's col- 

 umn, after defeating Gen. Douay's corps at 

 Nouart and Gen. Failly's at Beaumont, formed 

 the right wing. He was active in the bombard- 

 ment of Mont Arron in the siege of Paris, and 

 after the war was made a field-marshal and 

 inspector-general. He succeeded to the throne 

 on the death of his father, Oct. 29, 1873. He 

 was the confidential friend of the three successive 

 German Emperors and a loyal upholder of the 

 empire in which Saxony was overshadowed and 

 his own powers effaced by the importance of 

 Prussia. He promoted music and art, like his 

 forefathers, and welcomed Americans and English 

 at court festivities. His Queen, whom he married 

 in 1853, was Princess Carola, daughter of Prince 

 Gustavus Vasa of the old Swedish dynasty. The 

 marriage was without issue, and the succession 

 fell to Prince Georg, his brother, born in 1832, 

 whose son by Princess Maria Anna of Portugal, 

 Prince Friedrich August, born May 25, 1865, the 

 present Crown Prince, married, on Nov. 21, 1891, 

 the Archduchess Louise Antoinette, born Sept. 2, 

 1870, Princess Imperial of Austria and daughter 

 of the Archduke Leopold Ferdinand, son and heir 

 of the former Grand Duke of Tuscany, by the 

 Princess Alice of Bourbon and Parma. The 

 Crown Princess in December, 1902, eloped and left 

 her children, Prince Friedrich Christian, born Dec. 

 31, 1893, Prince Ernst Heinrich, and three daugh- 

 ters, the youngest born in September, 1901. 



Ali, Bey of Tunis, born Oct. 5, 1817: died 

 June 11, 1902. Sidi Ali succeeded his brother. 

 Sidi Mohammed es Sadok, Oct. 28, 1882. the year 

 after the latter's recognition of a French protec- 

 torate in the treaty of Kasr es Said, signed May 

 12, 1881. The reigning family of Tunis was es- 

 tablished by Ben Ali Turki. a native of Crete, 

 who seized 'the throne in 1691. Sidi Ahsin, the 

 father of Sidi Mohammed and Sidi Ali, obtained 

 a firman from the Sultan of Turkey liberating 

 him from the payment of tribute, but not re- 



