498 



OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (GARLAND GIANI.) 



Disgrace of Chief-Justice Coke, 1603-'16. It was 

 followed by Prince Charles and the Spanish Mar- 

 riage, 1616-'24 (1869); A History of England 

 under the Duke of Buckingham and Charles I, 

 1624-'28 (1875); The Personal Government of 

 Charles I, lG28-'37 (1877); The Fall of the Mon- 

 archy of Charles I, 

 1637-'42 (1881). 

 Each instalment 

 filled 2 volumes, 

 and a second edi- 

 tion in 10 vol- 

 umes, bearing the 

 title A History 

 of England from 

 the Accession of 

 James I to the 

 Outbreak of the 

 Civil War, was is- 

 sued in 1883. The 

 history was at first 

 very coldly re- 

 ceived by the pub- 

 lic, the successive 

 volumes having 

 scarcely any sale; 

 but, wholly unde- 

 terred by this circumstance, the author took 

 up the second division of his task, A History 

 of the Great Civil War, 1642-'49, which ap- 

 peared at intervals from 1886 to 1891. The 

 third and last division, A History of the Com- 

 monwealth and the Protectorate, 1649-' 60, ap- 

 peared in 3 volumes, 1884-'91. Two more had 

 been originally contemplated, but Prof. Gardiner 

 decided to conclude with the death of Cromwell, 

 instead of with the Restoration, and thus bring 

 this portion of the book within the limits of 4 

 volumes. The fourth volume he had arranged 

 with his literary executor, Dr. Firth, to complete. 

 In addition to his great work Prof. Gardiner pub- 

 lished The Thirty Years' War (1874), The First 

 Two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution (1876), 

 both contributions to the Epochs of Modern His- 

 tory Series; Outline of English History (1881- 

 '83) ; Introduction to English History (with B. 

 Mullingar) (1881); A Student's History of Eng- 

 land (1884); Constitutional Documents of the 

 Puritan Revolution (1888) ; Cromwell's Place in 

 History (1897); What Gunpowder Plot Was 

 (1897); Oliver Cromwell (1899). He edited Let- 

 ters and Papers Illustrating the Relations be- 

 tween Charles II and Scotland in 1650 (1894); 

 Letters and Papers relating to the Dutch W T ar 

 (1890); and beside contributing very many 

 lengthy articles to the Dictionary of National 

 Biography edited the English Historical Review, 

 1890-1901, to which he also contributed. In the 

 course of his researches he examined the national 

 archives of France, Spain, Italy, and the Nether- 

 lands, and at the Record Office made himself ac- 

 quainted with the originals of the state papers, 

 and the uncalendared state papers foreign, mas- 

 tering, in order to accomplish this last task, the 

 Spanish, Dutch, French, Italian, German, and Swed- 

 ishlanguages. Heneverallowedhimself to describe 

 a battle without having personally inspected the 

 field or learned all that might be gleaned from 

 local antiquaries. His aim was to view events 

 from the standard of the contemporary observer, 

 and thus to treat history progressively rather 

 than retrospectively. In this he was not en- 

 tirely successful. As one critic has aptly phrased 

 it, "his work discloses a combination of (1) the 

 most absolutely truthful and sincere process of 

 deduction of fact; (2) broad, luminous, and 

 skilled historical exposition." Prof. Gardiner's 



services to historical literature it would not be 

 easy to overestimate. On no occasion was he 

 ever swayed by either sentiment or prejudice. 

 Personally, his political opinions are known to 

 have been Liberal; but in all his writing he is so 

 strictly impartial that from it no one could be cer- 

 tain of the direction of his likings. " History in 

 his eyes," observes one careful student of his 

 writings, " was not a repertory of argument to 

 be used in polemic and debate for the furtherance 

 of any political or religious end. It was the 

 road to truth alone." It may be said in all sin- 

 cerity that in his native country there never has 

 been a more single-minded or more enthusiastic 

 lover of historic truth than Prof. Gardiner. He 

 cared very little for any display of rhetoric, and 

 troubled himself not at all concerning style, but 

 as his great work progressed he gradually ac- 

 quired a style both luminous and orderly, and 

 not infrequently impressive. On the death of 

 Froude, Prof. Gardiner was invited to succeed 

 him as Professor of Modern History at Oxford, 

 but the invitation was declined from the fear 

 that the duties of the chair would interfere with 

 the completion of his history. " If there is one 

 man," writes Grant Robertson, "who by the ap- 

 peal to the inexorable tribunal of truth, without 

 a word that could wound or an epithet imputable 

 to party passion, has taught two generations 

 what Puritan England tried to be, the hopes and 

 dreams, the failures and successes, of its men 

 and women, what it was in all its weakness and 

 all its matchless strength, that man is Samuel 

 Rawson Gardiner." 



Garland, George Vallis, English clerygman, 

 born in 1823; died at Boscombe, England, Dec. 

 24, 1902. He Avas educated at Cambridge, and 

 after preparing for the Anglican ministry was 

 admitted to the priesthood in 1850. He was cu- 

 rate of Crowle, Lincolnshire, 1850-'52; director of 

 Langton Matravers, 1852-'69; vicar of Aslacton, 

 1869-75; and rector of Binestead, Isle of Wight, 

 1881-'94. He was the author of Plain Possible 

 Solutions of the Objections of Right Rev. J. W. 

 Colenso (1863); Remarks on the Vision of the 

 Four Chariots of Zechariah (1869) ; Genesis with 

 Notes (1875); The Compatibility of the Eternity 

 of Matter with the Existence of God (1881) ; and 

 The Practical Teaching of the Apocalypse. 



Gell, Frederick, English colonial prelate, born 

 in 1821 ; died in Cuford, Coonor, India, March 25, 

 1902. He was. educated at Cambridge, and in 

 1843 was admitted to orders. He held a curacy 

 at Great St. Mary's in the university town, 1S44- 

 '45. From 1849 to 1859 he was lecturer, dean, 

 and assistant tutor at Christ Church, Cambridge, 

 and for the two years succeeding was domestic 

 chaplain to the Bishop of London. In 1861 he 

 was consecrated Bishop of Madras, his long and 

 arduous episcopate continuing until his resigna- 

 tion in 1898. 



Giani, Demeter, Roumanian statesman, bom 

 in 1838; died July 16, 1902. He studied at Ber- 

 lin and Paris, practised law after his return, wn* 

 elected Deputy in 1866, but resigned rather than 

 take the .oath of allegiance under the statute 

 suspending the Constitution, was elected again 

 in 1868, joined the Liberal party, successfully 

 opposed the design of the ministry of Lascar (a 

 targi to arrest and prosecute the ministry <>f 

 1876, was a member of the Constituent Assembly 

 of 1878 and the author of the law of ministerial 

 responsibility, held the portfolio of Justice in the 

 Bratiano Cabinets of 1880 and 1887, and was the 

 author of many important laws. Under the 

 Sturdza administration in 1896 he was president 

 of the Chamber. 



