

OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (KOWALEVSKY KBUPP.) 



503 



ernment, and the Australian colonies were re- 

 buked and were restrained from making protective 

 tariffs to suit themselves and were invited to es- 

 tablish intercolonial free trade. In 1874 Mr. Dis- 

 raeli returned to power, and it was six years be- 

 fore Mr. Gladstone came in again. Lord Kimber- 

 ley took charge of the administration of the colo- 

 nies once more. He had to contend with serious 

 difficulties in South Africa. The attempt to dis- 

 arm the Basutos had failed, and the Cape Colonists 

 and the home Government were both at a loss to 

 know what to do, and each blamed the other. 

 Then the Transvaalers called upon Mr. Gladstone 

 to grant them the independence he had inveighed 

 against the Tories for not granting, and when he 

 refused they drove the British garrisons out of 

 the country, defeated the forces sent to chastise 

 them, and won their independence with their rifles, 

 qualified only by a meaningless suzerainty. Lord 

 Kimberley explained that the Transvaal had been 

 annexed on the supposition that the inhabitants 

 desired British administration, which they had 

 now demonstrated that they did not desire, and 

 hence annexation was not justifiable; but why it 

 was necessary for such a demonstration that the 

 British army must stomach a defeat without a 

 chance to redeem its honor he could not explain 

 to the army and its friends. He became provi- 

 sionally chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 

 when Mr. Bright retired, and in December, 1882, 

 he left the Colonial Office to become Secretary 

 of State for India. He found the difficulties of 

 this office as trying as those in the Colonial De- 

 partment. The policy of retirement from Afghan- 

 istan was denounced by the Conservatives as hot- 

 ly as withdrawal from the Transvaal. Lord Ri- 

 pon's promises of representative institutions for 

 India caused such consternation in Indian official- 

 dom that the Liberals had doubts about the secu- 

 rity of British rule in India. He restrained the 

 impulses of Lord Ripon and effectively checked 

 the Radical movement in England in favor of large 

 measures of self-government for India, while he 

 approved the extension of education and of local 

 representation. When a Russian war scare arose 

 he assumed a defiant attitude and returned to a 

 forward policy. Retiring with the ministry in 

 June, 1885, he returned to the India Office in Feb- 

 ruary, 1886, till Mr. Gladstone was defeated on 

 home rule, and went out in August of that year. 

 In the Gladstone Cabinet, formed in August, 1892, 

 Lord Kimberley, who had become leader of the 

 Liberal party in the House of Lords, was Lord 

 President of the Council as well as Secretary for 

 India. Although as an orthodox economist he 

 condemned all proposals to stay the falling rupee 

 by legislation, he yielded finally to the importu- 

 nity of the Indian Government after it had wrung 

 half-hearted approval from Lord HerschelFs com- 

 mittee and consented to the closing of the mints 

 and the temporary restriction of the sale of Coun- 

 cil bills. Soon afterward, when Lord Rosebery 

 became the head of the Cabinet, he took the lat- 

 ter's place at the Foreign Office, though Lord Rose- 

 bery did not relinquish his authority to speak in 

 foreign affairs until he laid down the leadership 

 of the party in 1896. A lease from the Congo 

 State of a route for the Cape to Cairo railroad 

 had to be given up when Germany objected be- 

 cause it was contrary to treaty. When Russia, 

 France, and Germany prohibited Japan from 

 retaining territory in Manchuria after her vic- 

 tory over China, England stood helplessly by, un- 

 willing either to join them or to efficiently support 

 Japan in resisting their dictation. Since June, 

 1895, Lord Kimberley has been the authoritative 

 spokesman of the Opposition on foreign affairs, 



and during the Boer War, although he had strong 

 motives for vindicating his own policy in Soutn 

 Africa and also in the Soudan and in China, he 

 was careful to say nothing tending to embarrass 

 the action of the Government. Lord Kimberley 

 was much interested in education. He was a 

 member of the senate of the University of London, 

 succeeding Lord Herschell in 1899 as chancellor, 

 and was president of University College. 



Kowalevsky, Alexander, Russian biologist 

 and anatomist, born near Witebsk, in northwest 

 Russia, Nov. 10, 1840; died Nov. 22, 1902. His 

 father was a Pole, and his mother a Russian. 

 He received his early education at home, and 

 was then placed in the Engineering School of 

 Roads and Highways, in St. Petersburg. But 

 he preferred the study of science to a practical 

 career. As a result of the student disturbances 

 of 1861 he was obliged to leave the country. He 

 went to Heidelberg, where he studied chemistry 

 under Bunsen. He soon developed a taste for 

 zoology and comparative anatomy, and pursued 

 these subjects under Brim, and Pagenstecher, 

 and later under Leydig at Tubingen. In 1864 he 

 published in Russian his first zoological work, 

 The Anatomy of Idothea. He went in 1864 to 

 Naples, and carried out important researches on 

 the embryology of low marine forms of life, and 

 in 1866 he made researches on the ascidia. The 

 results of this work, which led to the recognition 

 of the ascidians as vertebrata, gave a new im- 

 pulse and direction to embryological research. 

 After being for a time privat docent at the Uni- 

 versity of St. Petersburg, he was appointed pro- 

 fessor extraordinarius at Kazan in 1868, and pro- 

 fessor ordinarius at Kiev in 1869, and at Odessa in 

 1874, where he remained until 1890. He was made 

 a titular member of the Academy of Sciences 

 of St. Petersburg in the latter year. He was for 

 many years director of the biological laboratory 

 at Sebastopol, and did much of his work there. 



Kraus, Franz Xavier, German historian, born 

 in 1841 ; died Jan. 1, 1902. He was educated for the 

 priesthood and became a disciple of Dr. Dollinger, 

 but did not join his Old Catholic schism. He made 

 researches in ecclesiastical archeology and pub- 

 lished valuable treatises on the origin and devel- 

 opment of Christian art and early Church history. 

 He was Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the 

 University of Freiburg. In 1896 he published a 

 standard work on the History of Christian Art. 



Krupp, Friedrich. Alfred, German industrial- 

 ist, born in Essen; died there, Nov. 22, 1902. His 

 grandfather, Friedrich, spent his life and his for- 

 tune in trying to perfect a new process of steel- 

 making. His father, Alfred, invented a new 

 method of manufacturing spoons, new machinery 

 and dies for coining money, a new Bessemer steel 

 out of which he made rifles and cannons, a breech- 

 block for artillery, a seamless tire for car-wheels, 

 a method of hardening armor-plate, and many 

 new uses for steel. He built up at Essen the 

 greatest iron-works in the world, furnishing the 

 German Government and many others with rifle 

 barrels and field and naval guns of Bessemer 

 steel and with ship armor, and all countries with 

 railroad materials. Friedrich Alfred succeeded to 

 the ownership and management of the plant on 

 the death of hia father, in 1887. He took in other 

 steel-works at Rheinhausen and near Magdeburg, 

 acquired four coal-mines in different parts of 

 Germany, iron-mines in Spain containing ore for 

 mixing so as to produce the best Bessemer steel, 

 and German iron-mines, and amalgamated with 

 the concern a great ship- and engine-building com- 

 pany with works at Kiel and Berlin. He had a 

 fleet of steamers for exporting his goods. His 



