OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (LEDOCHOWSKI LIEBER.) 



505 



shore Distance Tables (1882); and General Util- 

 ity Tables (1897). 



Ledochowski, Miescelaus, Polish ecclesiastic, 

 born in Klimonton, in 1822; died in Rome, July 

 22, 1902. The seat of the Counts Ledochowski, 

 near Sandorair, was in Russian territory that was 

 afterward ceded to Germany. Count Miescelaus, 

 a younger son, was educated at the Jesuit Nobles' 

 College in Rome, and after being admitted to 

 priest's orders in 1845 he entered the diplomatic 

 service of the Vatican and was employed till 1861 

 in missions to Lisbon, South America, and Brus- 

 sels. In 1865 he was elected Archbishop of Posen 

 by the cathedral chapter. He discouraged the 

 Polish agitation and sustained the Prussian Gov- 

 ernment in its policy, and as persona grata at Ber- 

 lin he was selected by Cardinal Antonelli in 1870 

 to solicit the support of Prussia for the temporal 

 power of the papacy. He negotiated with Prince 

 Bismarck at Versailles with no success, and 

 henceforth he adopted a hostile attitude with 

 the object of bringing the Prussian Government 

 to terms, taking the lead in the ultramontane 

 Opposition and championing the national aspira- 

 tions of the Poles. The conflict on education be- 

 tween the Clericals, led by Di\ Windhorst and 

 inspired by Archbishop Ledochowski, and the 

 Prussian Government the latter brought to an 

 issue by the May laws of 1873, requiring every 

 candidate for holy orders to show a certificate of 

 educational qualifications from the state, pla- 

 cing seminaries and monastic institutions under 

 state supervision, and ordering the ecclesiastical 

 authorities to submit all appointments and trans- 

 fers for the approval of state officials. The Arch- 

 bishop of Posen defied these laws. He was fined 

 for appointing and transferring parish priests and 

 for other infractions of the new laws until all his 

 property was distrained and finally he was con- 

 demned to imprisonment for two years in the 

 fortress at Ostrovo and his archbishopric was de- 

 clared vacant by the Prussian ecclesiastical court. 

 Pope Pius IX refused to recognize his deposition, 

 made him a cardinal in 1875, and after his release 

 in 1876 received him as a guest at the Vatican. 

 Pope Leo XIII made him Prefect-General of the 

 Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. During the 

 Citlturkampf the German Government perceived 

 in many ways the untoward consequences of Car- 

 dinal Ledochowski's hostility. The end of the long 

 conflict was signalized by the reference of the dis- 

 pute with Spain in regard to the Caroline Islands 

 to the arbitration of the Pope, and from that 

 time the diplomacy of the Vatican was favorable 

 to German interests. Whatever success the Ger- 

 man Emperor and his Government has attained 

 in the effort to supplant the claim of France to 

 protect Catholic missions and Christians in the 

 near and far East has been attributed to the 

 pro-German sympathies of the Red Pope. 



Lee, Frederick George, English clergyman, 

 born in Thame, Oxfordshire, England, Jan. 6, 

 1832; died in England, Jan. 23, 1902. He was 

 educated at Oxford, and was admitted to the 

 priesthood in 1856. From 1877 to 1899 he was 

 vicar of All Saints, Lambeth. He assisted in 

 founding the Association for the Promotion of 

 the Unity of the Church in 1857, and twenty years 

 later he founded the Order of Corporate Re- 

 union, and was in consequence severely criticized 

 by the evangelical party for his supposed Ro- 

 manizing tendencies. One of his sons entered the 

 Roman Catholic communion, and at the close of. 

 1901 the father also became a Roman Catholic. 

 Both as clergyman and as author Dr. Lee was ever 

 busy, and more than one hundred publications 

 fitness to the activity of his pen. The more im- 



portant of these are Lays of the Church, and 

 Other Poems (1851) ; The Martyrs of Vienne and 

 Lyons (1854); Poems (1855); Petrohilla, and 

 Other Poems (1858) ; Death, Judgment, Hell, and 

 Heaven (1858); The Beauty of Holiness (1859); 

 Words from the Cross (1861); Directorium 

 Anglicanum (2d ed., 1865) ; Christopher Daven- 

 port; Articles of the Anglican Church Considered 

 (1865); Morning and Evening Prayers for Chil- 

 dren (1866); Sermons: Parochial and Occasional 

 (1868) ; The Validity of the Orders of the Church 

 of England Maintained and Vindicated (1869); 

 The King's Highway, and Other Poems (1871); 

 Abolition and Rejection of the Athanasian Creed 

 (1872); The Bells of Botteville Tower, and Other 

 Poems (1873); The Christian Doctrine of Prayer 

 for the Departed (1874); Glimpses of the Super- 

 natural (1876); Memorials of Rev. Robert Ste- 

 phen Hawker, Vicar of Morwenstow (1876); A 

 Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms 

 (1876); Historical Sketches of the Reformation 

 (1878); More Glimpses of the World Unseen 

 (1878); The Church under Queen Elizabeth 

 (1880); Order out of Chaos (1881); Reginald 

 Barentyne: A Tale of the Times (1881); History 

 and Antiquities of the Church of Thame (1883); 

 Glimpses in the Twilight (1884); King Edward 

 the Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); Reginald Pole: 

 An Historical Sketch (1887); Immodesty in Art 

 (1887); The Church of Haddenham, Berkshire 

 (1888) ; A Manual of Politics (1889) ; and Sights 

 and Shadows, being Examples of the Supernat- 

 ural (1894). 



Lidderdale, William, English merchant, born 

 in St. Petersburg, in 1832; died in London, June 

 26, 1902. He was trained in the counting-house 

 of a Liverpool firm doing business with Russia, 

 where his father was established, and afterward 

 was connected with a shipping firm, which he rep- 

 resented in New York from 1857 till 1863, and then 

 as a partner opened a house in London. In 1870 

 he was chosen a director of the Bank of England, 

 and in 1889 became governor. The reserve of 

 cash was low and was being withdrawn to South 

 America. There had been a period of buoyant 

 confidence and speculation when early in Novem- 

 ber, 1890, the bank rate of discount was marked 

 up to 6 per cent, without any known adequate 

 reason, and it became known that the bank had 

 borrowed 3,000,000 from the Bank of France 

 and 1,500,000 from the Russian treasury. The 

 cause became apparent when the failure was an- 

 nounced of Baring Brothers, who had locked 

 up immense sums of English floating capital in 

 Argentine public securities, railroads, and other- 

 enterprises that were for the moment unprofitable. 

 The Bank of England and the bankers of London 

 joined hands to enable the Baring firm to liqui- 

 date its affairs without sacrificing the interests 

 of its clients, and to carry out the arrangements 

 Mr. Lidderdale remained governor till 1892. He 

 was influential in syndicates holding Chicago and 

 Western and Mexican railroad stocks and in the 

 Council of Foreign Bondholders. 



Lieber, Ernst, German politician, born in 

 Camberg, near Wiesbaden, Nov. 16, 1838; died 

 there, March 31. 1902. He studied philosophy 

 and law at Wiirzburg, Bonn, Munich, and Heidel- 

 berg, was elected to the Diet of Hesse -Nas-mi. 

 took his seat in the Prussian House of Deputies 

 in 1870, and on the establishment of the empire 

 was elected in 1871 to the Reichstag, joined Dr. 

 Windhorst, the former Hanoverian Minister of 

 State, in forming a united and militant Roman 

 Catholic party, took the lead himself of the Dem- 

 ocratic Clericals, and therefore did not immediate- 

 ly succeed to the leadership of the whole party. 



