534 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 length of railroads in operation in 1898 was 1,035 

 miles, of which 844 miles were operated by the Pe- 

 ruvian Corporation. The capital cost was 36,- 

 000,000 sterling, including lines in the provinces 

 ceded to Chile. Steamboats of the Peruvian Cor- 

 poration on the Desaguadero river and Lake Titi- 

 caca connect with railroads. Receipts from rail- 

 roads and steamboats in 1901 amounted to 493,- 

 827; expenses, 293,069; net earnings, 200,758. 



The telegraphs in 1898 had a length of 1,933 

 miles, of which 1,400 miles belonged to the Govern- 

 ment and 533 miles to the Peruvian Corporation. 



The post-office handled 9,311,856 letters, postal 

 cards, newspapers, etc., in 1899. 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, a possession of 

 the United States, ceded by Spain in the treaty 

 signed at Paris on Dec. 10, 1898. Military gov- 

 ernment was superseded wherever the country 

 was pacified on July 4, 1901, by civil government 

 on a system planned by the Philippine Commis- 

 sion, composed of Judge William Howard Taft, 

 of Ohio, president; Henry C. Ide, of Vermont; 

 Luke E. Wright, of Tennessee; Bernard Moses, 

 of California; and Dean C. Worcester, of Michi- 

 gan. The members of the commission were ap- 

 pointed to carry their scheme into effect, and the 

 Government was constituted as follows : Civil Gov- 

 ernor-General, William H. Taft; Lieutenant Civil 

 Governor, Luke E. Wright; Secretary of Finance 

 and Justice, Henry C. Ide; Secretary of Com- 

 merce and Police, Luke E. Wright; Secretary of 

 Public Instruction, Bernard Moses; Secretary of 

 the Interior, Dean C. Worcester. The command- 

 er-in-chief of the forces and Military Governor- 

 General at the beginning of 1902 was Major-Gen. 

 Adna R. Chaffee. Dr. Detavera, Benite Legarda, 

 and Jose Luzuriaga, natives of the Philippines, 

 were appointed additional members of the Phil- 

 ippine Commission. Municipal government was 

 established by the military authorities before the 

 inauguration of civil government in accordance 

 with the recommendations of the Philippine Com- 

 mission in the provinces that seemed to be thor- 

 oughly pacified, and was extended after the 

 transfer of authority. Early in 1902 there were 

 765 towns, three-quarters of all the towns in the 

 islands, organized as municipalities, each with a 

 president, a vice-president, and a council elected 

 for two years by qualified voters. The qualifica- 

 tions for voting were ability to read and write 

 English or Spanish, ownership of property worth 

 $250, the payment of $15 a year in taxes, or the 

 fact of having held a municipal office. Only 1.8 

 per cent, of the population qualified under these 

 conditions. A Supreme Court was established, 

 consisting of 7 judges, and courts of the first in- 

 stance were instituted in 14 judicial districts. 

 A native police force was organized. Provincial 

 government was inaugurated, and the follow- 

 ing provincial civil governors were appointed: 

 H. P. Whitmarsh in Benguet province; Major 

 E. M. Johnson, Jr., in Romblon; Capt. J. M. 

 Goldman in Bataan ; Col. C. Gardener in Tayabas ; 

 Ceferino Joven in Pampanga; Capt. Wallis O. 

 Clark in Tarlac; Jose Serapio in Bulacan; Per- 

 fecto Sison in Pangasinan; Major W. H. Hoi- 

 brook in Antigua; Hugo Vidal in Capiz; Major 

 Henry T. Allen in Leyte; Capt. A. U. Betts in 

 Albay; Lieut. George Curry in Ambos Cama- 

 rines; Bonifacio Serrano in Masbate; Capt. J. G. 

 Livingston in Sorsogon; Martin Delgado in II- 

 oilo; Ricardo Paras in Marinduque; Pmdencio 

 Garcia in Surigao; Manuel Carrales in Misamis; 

 Major W. H. C. Bowen in Abra. 



The provincial governors were ordered to re- 

 port to Gov. Taft at Manila, who reported to the 



President at Washington through the Secretary 

 of War. In regard to taxation and in all other 

 matters ordinarily belonging to civil government 

 the authority of Gov. Taft and his Cabinet \\:i> 

 complete. Troops were ordered into the organ- 

 ized provinces by the commanding general only 

 at the request of Gov. Taft on a call from the 

 provincial governor. Surplus revenue in excess 

 of the requirements of civil government were ap- 

 plied to the building of roads and other internal 

 improvements, thus giving work to thousands of 

 unemployed natives and helping to pacify the 

 country. The development of the material re- 

 sources of the islands by corporate capital was 

 retarded by the safeguards which Congress im- 

 posed on the granting of franchises and the ex- 

 ploitation of the natural wealth. All military, 

 civil, and judicial powers necessary to govern the 

 Philippine Islands were vested, unless otherwise 

 provided by Congress, in such person or persons 

 as the President of the United States may appoint, 

 to be exercised in such manner as he shall direct 

 for the establishment of civil government and 

 for maintaining and protecting the inhabitants 

 of the islands in the free enjoyment of their lib- 

 erty, property, and religion; but all franchises 

 granted under the authority of this law shall 

 contain a reservation of the right to alter, amend, 

 or repeal them, and no sale or lease or other 

 disposition of the public lands or the timber 

 thereon or the mining rights therein shall 

 be made; nor shall any franchise be granted 

 which is not approved by the President of the 

 United States and is not in his judgment clearly 

 necessary for the immediate government of the 

 islands and indispensable for the interest of the 

 people, and which can not without great public 

 mischief be postponed until the establishment of 

 permanent civil government, and all such fran- 

 chises shall terminate one year after the estab- 

 lishment of permanent civil government. Until 

 a permanent government shall have been estab- 

 lished in the archipelago full reports must be 

 made to Congress at the opening of each regular 

 session of all the legislative acts and proceed- 

 ings of the temporary government, and full re- 

 ports of the acts and doings of the government 

 and as to the condition of the archipelago and 

 its people shall be made to the President, inclu- 

 ding all information which may be useful to 

 Congress in providing a more permanent govern- 

 ment. 



Schools were established throughout the is- 

 lands upon the introduction of regular govern- 

 ment. About 1.000 teachers were brought over 

 from the United States, and 2.000 native teach- 

 ers were employed to teach elementary subject-: 

 150,000 children were enrolled in the schools, and 

 10,000 adults were instructed in English. A nor- 

 mal institution was established to train native 

 teachers. The Philippine Supreme Court was or- 

 ganized with Cayetano Arellano as presiding jus- 

 tice and J. F. Cooper, Fletcher Ladd. Victorino 

 Mapa. Florentino Torres, and Charles A. Willard 



;i - ;i--oci;tte justices. 



Area and Population. The area of the Phil- 

 ippine Islands has been estimated at 120. v">:! 

 square miles. That of the principal islands is 

 ll'.t..">42 square miles. The population has been 

 variously estimated between 7,500.000 and 10,000,- 

 000. The Spanish estimate was 9.000.000; that 

 first adopted by the American officials was 8,000,- 

 000. There are 69 savage tribes known of which 

 no enumeration is possible, and the estimates of 

 their numbers vary widely. The area of Luzon 

 is estimated at 44.235 square miles, and that of 

 Mindanao at 46,721 square miles. The latest esti- 



