PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



535 



mate of population is 6,975,073 for the whole ar- 

 chipelago. From reports of local officials in 1840 

 the total was estimated at 3,096,000 ; from reports 

 of parish priests in 1850 it was raised to 3,800,163; 

 the civil census of 1876 gave 5,567,685, not including 

 602,853 non-Christians, the estimated number; 

 the civil census of 1887 made the total 5,984,727; 

 and from the partial census of 1896 it was esti- 

 mated to be 6,261,339. The inhabitants of the 

 islands are divided into 84 local tribes, and 30 

 distinct languages or dialects ' are spoken ; yet, 

 excepting the dwarf Negritos and the Indonesians 

 of Mindanao, all the races and tribes are of Ma- 

 layan stock, with Chinese, Japanese, and other 

 crosses. The Negritos, supposed to be the aborig- 

 lal inhabitants, live in the mountains and do 

 lot now number over 30,000, though they are 

 livided into 21 tribes. They are believed to be 

 identical in race with the Mincopies of the Anda- 

 lans and the Sakals of the Malay peninsula. 

 They rove through the mountain forests in small 

 roups of a few families each, feeding on roots 

 and small game. Most of them are only 3 feet 

 high, and they are timid and shy, yet to a cer- 

 ' ain extent they are feared by the more civilized 

 ribes. The Indonesians, estimated at 252,200, 

 livided into 16 tribes, are a tall, muscular race 

 light color, having wavy hair and abundant 

 eard, high forehead, and aquiline nose, show- 

 ig affinities with the Polynesian races. The 

 lalays are estimated at 5,699,400, divided into 

 47 tribes. The Visayans number about 2,601,600; 

 Tagalogs, 1,633,900; Bicols, 518,100; Ilocanos, 

 441,700; Pangasinans, 365,500; Pampangos, 337,- 

 900; Cagayans, 166,300; and Moros, outside of 

 Mindanao, 100,000. The Tagalogs, who are the 

 civilized race among the Filipinos, live around 

 Manila and form progressive communities in 

 other provinces and islands. Besides these the 

 Bicols of Sorsogon, Albay, Ambos, Camarines, 

 and Tayabas are Christians, and so also are the 

 Visayans of the middle islands of the same name 

 and the coast of Mindanao, and the Pampangos, 

 Pangasinans, and Ilocos who inhabit the prov- 

 inces named from them. The Cimarones of the 

 Camarines peninsula, the Itanegs of Lepanto and 

 Abra, the Ifaguas of the Caraballos mountains, 

 the Catalangans of Isabela province, and the 

 Manguians in Mindoro are pagan tribes of Ma- 

 lays. The Moros, or Mohammedan Malays, in- 

 habit Sulu, Tawi Tawi, and Palawan to the 

 number of about 40,500, while 200,000 live in 

 th lake region of Mindanao and on Illana Bay, 

 on the Gulf of Davao is a tribe having an a'dmix- 

 ture of Indonesian blood, and on the south coast 

 are the Sanguilles, on the little island of Olu- 

 tanga the Lutangas, on the Gulf of Sibuguey the 

 Calibugans, on the shores of Basilan the Samales- 

 Laut, and in the interior of that island the Ya- 

 canes. The Moros have an organized system of 

 government, the pagans only savage tribal gov- 

 ernment. Slavery is practised by the Moros, the 

 wild Indonesian tribes, and the pagan tribes of 

 northern Luzon. Spanish mestizos are found in 

 all parts of the archipelago where European com- 

 merce reaches and are very numerous in Ma- 

 nila and its vicinity and in all the more im- 

 portant towns. The Chinese mestizos are intelli- 

 gent and enterprising, but have the reputation 

 of being treacherous and addicted to conspiracy. 

 The Chinese have been in the Philippines from 

 early times, coming first as conquerors and later 

 as merchants and artisans. The number of Chi- 

 nese residents in 1887 was estimated at 37,585. 

 A law was made in 1888 to stop Chinese immi- 

 gration, but the attempt was a failure. In Sep- 

 tember, 1898, the provisions of the United States 



Chinese exclusion act were extended to the Phil- 

 ippines, and since then only former residents and 

 the exempt classes can lawfully be admitted. Em- 

 ployers of labor and some of the Government offi- 

 cials deprecate their exclusion, against which the 

 Chinese Government has strongly protested. In 

 two years and a half after the law went into 

 operation as many as 27,696 were admitted and 

 23,658 returned to China, showing a net increase 

 of 4,038. The Spanish estimate of their number 

 is shown to have been much too low by a census 

 lately taken in Manila which credits that city 

 alone with a Chinese population of more than 

 50,000. The Spanish language is known to all 

 educated persons and is the only vehicle of edu- 

 cation, since only rudimentary and colloquial 

 English has yet been taught. About 9 per cent, 

 of the people are able to speak Spanish. The 

 masses know only the native dialects of their re- 

 spective tribes and districts. 



Commerce and Industry. The soil of the 

 Philippines is very fertile, and the parts that 

 have been brought into cultivation produce 

 large crops of rice, corn, Manila hemp, sugar, 

 tobacco, indigo, and cacao. Coconut-palms thrive, 

 and the export of copra is increasing. Cotton 

 was formerly cultivated and woven into cloth 

 in large quantities, but this product has been 

 displaced by European manufactures. Large 

 coffee plantations have been ruined by insects. 

 The best tobacco is grown in Luzon and is ex- 

 ported in the leaf or manufactured into cheroots 

 and cigars at Manila. Large quantities are 

 grown also in other islands, and the consumption 

 of the people is large as all the inhabitants of 

 both sexes are smokers. The rice-crop is about 

 765,000 tons, in addition to which about 50,000 

 tons are imported annually to supply the needs 

 of the population. Luzon and Mindoro produce 

 the rice and corn; Mindanao and the southern 

 islands the cacao; southern Luzon, Mindoro, the 

 Visayas, and Mindanao the hemp; southern Lu- 

 zon the greatest quantity of coconuts; and the 

 Visayas the sugar. Gold is mined with profit in 

 the mountains of Luzon, and in this island iron 

 is obtained. In Cebu there is a lead-mine and 

 coal-mines have been opened. Petroleum has 

 been found in several islands, but is not utilized. 

 Rice, flour, beer, and wine, textiles and clothing, 

 kerosene, and coal are the principal imports. The 

 exports of Manila hemp in 1900 were 688.392 

 bales, against 600,738 bales in 1899; of sugar, 966,- 

 827 piculs, against 1,488,854 piculs; of cigars, 

 156,316,000, against 138,493,000; of leaf-tobacco, 

 188,368 quintals, against 114,261 quintals; of 

 copra, 1,023,727 piculs, against 278,227 piculs; 

 of sapan wood, 3,924 tons, against 556 tons. The 

 total value of imports in 1900 was $20,601,436, 

 and of exports $19,751,068. In 1901 the imports 

 amounted to $30,279,406 and the exports to *-J:5.- 

 214,948. Hemp is exported mainly to the United 

 States and Great Britain; cigars, tobacco, and 

 copra to European countries: sugar and sapan 

 wood to China and Japan. The imports into the 

 United States from the Philippine Islands were 

 $5,971,208 in value in 1900 and $4.420,289 in 

 1901 ; exports from the United States to the Phil- 

 ippine Islands were $2,640,449 in 1900 and $4.027.- 

 064 in 1901. The imports into the United States 

 from the Philippine Islands in 1900 were hemp 

 for $5,014,770, sugar for $925,335, and tobacco 

 and cigars for $1.068; exports from the United 

 States to the Philippines included beer for $563,- 

 950, live animals for $441.950. iron and steel man- 

 ufactures for $383,892, and cereals for $168,726. 



The rainy season sets in late in June and ends 

 early in September. Corn ripens in twelve weeks, 



