PORTO RICO. 



tder the direction of Frank D. Gardner at Rio 

 idras, near San Juan. Experiments have been 

 begun for improving the quality and yield of 

 cotl'ee by selection and by proper shading of the 

 shrubs; also in exterminating the mole cricket, 

 which destroys young tobacco and sugar plants. 

 Selection and fertilization of sugar-cane, rice cul- 

 tivatio'n, the fermentation and grading of tobacco, 

 dairying, forestry methods, culture and mar- 

 keting of fruits, and introduction of cacao and 

 fiber plants are other problems that are studied. 

 The chief imports are cotton goods, rice, provi- 

 sions, codfish, and hardware and tools. The 

 total value of imports in 1901 was $9,367,000, and 

 of exports $8,634,000. Of the imports, $7,415,000 

 came from the United States, $808,000 from 

 Spain, $375,000 from Great Britain, $167,000 from 

 France, and $152,000 from Germany. Of the ex- 

 ports, $5,661,000 went to the United States, 

 $1,110,000 to Cuba, $596,000 to Spain, $473,000 to 

 France, and $141,000 to Germany. The total 

 value of exports in 1902 was $12,889,925, showing 

 an increase of 54.7 per cent, in exports to foreign 

 countries and 48.6 per cent, in exports to the 

 United States. The increase was mainly in sugar, 

 cigars and cigarettes, straw hats, and coffee. A 

 demand sprang up in the United States for straw 

 hats, which were shipped to the amount of $204,- 

 500. While over $3,000,000 worth of Porto Rican 

 coffee went to Europe, the takings of the Amer- 

 ican market were only $29,000. Among the im- 

 ports were codfish of the value of $400,000 from 

 Nova Scotia and $500,000 worth of potatoes from 

 Spain. 



Railroads and Telegraphs. There are 159 

 miles of completed railroads in Porto Rico, and 

 170 miles are building. The telegraphs have 

 a length of 470 miles, connecting the principal 

 ports with San Juan, the capital, which is con- 

 nected by cables with St. Thomas and Jamaica. 

 Since the extension of the telegraphs under 

 American administration they have yielded a 

 profit to the insular treasury. 



Government and Legislation. Porto Rico 

 became a Territory of the United States on July 

 25, 1901, but not subject to the United States 

 Constitution. By a decision of the United States 

 Supreme Court rendered on Dec. 2, 1901, which 

 sustained the right of Congress to impose cus- 

 toms duties on Porto Rican products imported 

 into the United States and a separate tariff for 

 Porto Rico, the natives and citizens of Porto 

 RicQ are not citizens of the United States un- 

 less they become naturalized like any aliens 

 eligible for citizenship. Culebra and a site at 

 San Juan have been taken and fitted as United 

 States naval stations, and the title, still re- 

 maining in the insular government, will be trans- 

 ferred to the United States by act of the Legis- 

 lature. 



A general election was held throughout Porto 

 Rico simultaneously with the elections in the 

 United States on Nov. 4. The Republican party 

 won a victory everywhere over the Federal Demo- 

 crats, obtaining every seat in the House of Dele- 

 gates. In most districts the Federals, as in 1901, 

 refused to register, complaining that the election 

 judges would not permit free and full registra- 

 tion, and in some places disturbances occurred on 

 registration day. An epidemic of smallpox 

 caused excessive mortality among the population 

 until the Government made vaccination compul- 

 sory, a measure that reduced the death-rate from 

 this disease to almost nothing. Anemia has be- 

 come much less prevalent with the general im- 

 provement in public and private sanitation. 

 There were 13,000 fewer deaths in the year end- 



PORTUGAL. 



569 



ing June 30, 1902, than in the previous year. 

 The criminal code adopted for Porto Rico, mod- 

 eled largely on the penal laws of California, has 

 worked satisfactorily. A new corporation law 

 went into effect on July 1. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in southwestern Eu- 

 rope. The throne is hereditary in the family of 

 Saxe-Coburg-Braganza. The reigning sovereign 

 is King Carlos I, born Sept. 28, 1863, successor 

 to his father, Luiz I, who died Oct. 19, 1889. The 

 heir apparent is Luiz Philippe, Duke of Braganza, 

 born March 21, 1887. The legislative power is 

 vested in the Cortes, which consists of a Chamber 

 of Peers, containing 52 hereditary, 13 spiritual, 

 and 90 nominated members, and a Chamber of 

 Deputies, containing 120 members elected by the 

 direct votes of all adult male citizens who pos- 

 sess an elementary education or an income of 500" 

 milreis. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1900 

 was composed as follows: Prime Minister and 

 Minister of the Interior, E. R. Hiritze Ribeiro; 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs ad interim, Ferdinan- 

 do Mattoso; Minister of Finance ad interim, 

 Ferdinando Mattoso; Minister of Justice and 

 Public Worship, A. Campos Henriques; Minister 

 of War, L. A. Pimentel Pinto ; Minister of Marine 

 and the Colonies, A. Teixeira de Sousa; Minister 

 of Public Works, Industry, and Commerce, Man- 

 uel A. de Vargas. 



Area and Population. The area and popu- 

 lation of the kingdom according to the prelimi- 

 nary reports of the census of Dec. 1, 1900, are 

 given in the following table: 



The population consisted of 2,597,270 males and 

 2,831,389 females. The increase of population in 

 ten years was 378,930, showing an annual rate of 

 0.75 per cent. The number of emigrants in 1900 

 was 21,306, of whom 18,908 went to America, 

 chiefly Brazil, 1,928 to Africa, 445 to European 

 countries, and 25 to Asia and Oceania. The popu- 

 lation of the chief towns in 1900 was as follows: 

 Lisbon, the capital, 357,000; Oporto, 172.4-21: 

 Braga, 24,309; Setubal, 21,819; Coimbra, 18,424. 



Finances. The revenue for 1902 was esti- 

 mated at 53.269,747 milreis, and expenditure at 

 55,269,747 milreis. For 1903 the estimate of reve- 

 nue was 53,991,074 milreis from ordinary and 

 922,000 from extraordinary sources; total. :>4.- 

 913,074 milreis. The estimate of expenditure 

 for ordinary purposes was 54,416,810 milreis, and 

 for extraordinary purposes 1,445.128 milreis; 

 total, 55,861,938 milreis, showing a deficit of S 

 864 milreis. Of the ordinary receipts according 

 to the estimates 13,180,960 milreis are derived 

 from direct taxes. 6,323,000 milreis from stamps 

 and registration, 25.172.030 milreis from indirect 

 taxes, 1,107,750 milreis from additional taxes, 

 3,609,176 milreis from national property and mis- 

 cellaneous sources, and 4,598.158 milreis are re- 

 cettes d'ordre. Of the ordinary expenditures 

 9,716,008 milreis are for the civil list, the Cor- 

 tes, etc., 20,739.311 milreis for the consolidated 

 debt, 400.000 milreis for loss on exchange, 3,839; 

 852 milreis for the Ministry of Finance, 2,850,692 



