570 



PORTUGAL. 



milreis for the .Mini-try of the Interior, 1,076,458 

 milreis for the Ministry of Justice and Worship, 

 6,403,757 milreis for the Ministry of War, 4,188,- 

 518 milreis for the Ministry of Marine and the 

 Colonies, 350,732 milreis for the Ministry of For- 

 eign Affairs, 4,782,144 milreis for the Ministry of 

 Public Works, Commerce, and Industry, 69,338 

 milreis for the deposit office. The receipts of the 

 Government for the financial year 1903 showed a 

 slight falling off, being estimated late in 1902 at 

 about 50.000,000 milreis. The expenses increased 

 enormously over the previous budget and over 

 the estimates, being at the rate of 65,000,000 mil- 

 reis a year. There were 2,000 more officials to be 

 paid and the expense of the public debt was in- 

 creased to 30,000,000 milreis. The bank-notes in 

 circulation amounted to 80,000,000 milreis, and 

 the Government intended to issue more in spite 

 of a rising agio. 



The public debt in 1901 consisted of 41,727,- 

 171 sterling of external 3-per-cent. consolidated 

 bonds, 1,813,148 of 4-per-cent. and 12,745,154 

 of 4^-per-cent. redeemable external bonds, and 

 9,388,621 of tobacco bonds paying 4 per cent., 

 making the total external debt proper 65,674,- 

 094, besides which there were 99,922,768 of in- 

 ternal 3-per-cent. bonds largely held abroad, 

 which gives a total sum of 165,596,862, not in- 

 cluding 6,126,640 of 4- and 4J-per-cent. internal 

 bonds and the floating debt, which on Jan. 1, 

 1901, amounted to 51,537,484 milreis. 



The Army and Navy. All young men are 

 liable to military service for three years in the 

 active army, five years in the first reserve, and 

 seven years in the second reserve. The annual 

 contingent fixed by the Cortes for 1900 was 

 16,000 for the army and 1,000 for the navy. There 

 are 24 conscription and reserve districts in Con- 

 tinental Portugal and 3 in the islands. The 

 army consists of 24 infantry regiments of 3 bat- 

 talions; 3 regiments of 2 battalions, and 6 battal- 

 ions of rifles, each battalion having a section of 

 sappers, cyclists, and machine-guns attached; 10 

 regiments of cavalry, each of 4 squadrons; 6 

 regiments of field-artillery, each of 6 batteries; 

 2 batteries of horse-artillery ; 6 groups of fortress- 

 artillery, each of 3 batteries; 4 independent 

 batteries; 1 regiment of engineers, consisting of 

 6 companies or sappers, 2 of po'ntonniers, 1 of 

 telegraphists, and 1 of railroad troops; and in- 

 dependent of these 1 company of fortress sappers, 

 1 of fortress telegraphists, and 1 of torpedoists. 

 The army under the new organization enacted 

 on Sept. 7, 1899, and Dec. 24, 1901, has under arms 

 77 officers and 1,967 men in the engineers, 294 

 officers and 5,467 men in the artillery, 270 offi- 

 cers and 4,920 men in the cavalry, and 1,146 offi- 

 cers and 18,927 men in the infantry and rifles; 

 total peace effective, 1,787 officers and 31,281 non- 

 commissioned officers and men, with 160 guns 

 and 6,479 horses and mules. There are besides 81 

 infantry officers and 297 men in reserve depots, 

 80 officers and 2,176 men in the municipal guards, 

 and 100 officers and 4,622 men in the fiscal guard. 

 The war effective of the active army comprises 

 80 engineer officers and 3,740 men, 420 artillery 

 officers and 12,319 men, 330 cavalry officers and 

 7,260 men, and 1,779 infantry officers and 85,209 

 men; total, 2,609 officers and 108,528 men, with 

 240 guns and 14,487 horses and mules. The re- 

 serve troops number 1.447 officers and 62,796 men, 

 with 96 guns and 5,113 horses and mules, making 

 the total war strength 4,056 officers and 171.324 

 men, with 336 guns and 19,600 horses and mules. 



The navy consists of the reconstructed iron- 

 clad Vasco de Gama; the protected cruiser Don 

 Carlos, of 4,253 tons, armed with 4 6-inch, 8 4.7- 



inch, 12 three-pounder and smaller quick-firers and 

 machine-guns and having a speed of 22 knots ; the 

 protected cruisers Sao Gabriel and Sao Raphael, 

 of 1,800 tons, and the smaller Adamaster and 

 Dona Amelia; 2 old cruisers; 20 gunboats, of 100 

 to 800 tons; the destroyer Tejo, of 530 tons; 18 

 river gunboats; the royal yacht Amelia; and 3 

 training-ships. The third-class cruiser Patria, 

 built at Lisbon, was completed in 1902. 



Commerce and Production. Only 54.2 per 

 cent, of the area of Portugal is productive. \ 7 ine- 

 yards cover 2.2 per cent, of the total area, fruit 

 orchards 7.2 per cent., forests 2.9 per cent., pas- 

 ture 26.7 per cent., cereal crops 12.5 per cent., 

 and legumes and other crops 2.7 per cent. 

 Wine is the chief product of the country. The 

 wine-crop in 1902 was excessive, causing loss to 

 growers and merchants. The Government and 

 the wine-growers have made extraordinary ef- 

 forts in recent years to produce and find foreign 

 markets for light red and white wines, good 

 and uniform in quality and cheap in price. Olive- 

 oil, figs, tomatoes, onions, oranges, and potatoes 

 are exported. The mineral products include cop- 

 per, sulfur, iron, lead, tin, manganese, arsenic, 

 anthracite coal, salt, gypsum, and marble. The 

 total value of ores mined in 1900 was 2,116,718 

 milreis. There were 4,000 fishing vessels in 1900. 

 The annual value of sardines, tunny, and other 

 fish caught is about 3,750,000 milreis. Since the 

 adoption of high protection in 1891 a multitude 

 of factories has sprung up around Lisbon and 

 Oporto, and these have increased wages and 

 raised the general standard of living, while ma- 

 king the cost of living much higher and for the 

 agricultural classes hard to bear. 



The total value of imports in 1900 was 60.221,- 

 713 milreis, and of exports 32,564,035 milreis. 

 The imports of coal were 5,547,049 milreis in 

 value; of wheat, 4,972,665 milreis; of cotton, 

 4,475,926 milreis ; of cotton goods and yarn, 2,996,- 

 048 milreis; of codfish, 2,821,347 milreis; of iron, 

 2,601,877 milreis; of sugar, 2,243,750 milreis; of 

 leather and hides, 1,711,162 milreis; of wool, 

 1,457,410 milreis; of woolen goods and yarn, 

 1,298,086 milreis; of cattle, 1,126,036 milreis; of 

 tobacco leaf, 569,328 milreis; of coffee, 565,818 

 milreis. The exports of wine were 10,628,534 mil 

 reis in value, consisting of 52,290,370 liters o 

 ordinary wine and 30,575,720 liters of liqueu 

 wine, this last comprising 27,575,720 liters o 

 port and 2,620,240 liters of Madeira. Brazil 

 Great Britain, and Portuguese colonies take near 

 ly all the wine. The exports of cork in 1901 

 were 2,464,184 milreis in value; of cotton goods 

 2,136,583 milreis; of sardines, 1,228,159 milreis; o 

 copper ore, 1.092,731 milreis; of olive-oil, 694,55 

 milreis; of cattle, 468,160 milreis: of eggs, 417.SS 

 milreis; of almonds, 354,020 milreis; of horses 

 346,294 milreis; of tunny, 302,513 milreis; of figs 

 275,294 milreis; of pineapples, 220,797 milreis; o 

 onions, 152.585 milreis. Imports of animals wer 

 valued at 2,831.514 milreis in 1900, and exports at 

 3,846,426 milreis; imports of raw materials at 

 27,398,746 milreis, and exports at 5,800,481 mil- 

 reis; imports of textiles at 6,514.690 milreis, and 

 exports at 2.542,418 milreis; imports of articles of 

 food at 15.367,495 milreis, and exports at 16,365, 

 438 milreis; imports of machinery at 3,522.1:1* 

 milreis, and exports at 155,472 milreis; imports of 

 manufactured articles at 4,016,552 milreis, and ox- 

 ports at 2,217,512 milreis; imports of packing 

 material at 87.997 milreis; imports of coin and 

 bullion at 482.281 milreis, and exports at 1,636,- 

 288 milreis. Of the total imports in 1899, amount- 

 ing to 51,538,465 milreis, 33 per cent, came from 

 Great Britain, 16 per cent, from the United 



